Effect of Shade Trees Types on Nitrogen Mineralization and Nitrification Potential in Soil on Coffee Based Agroforestry Systems

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 2507-2511
Author(s):  
. Purwanto ◽  
Aniek Hindrayani
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Mineralization ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Shade Trees ◽  
Nitrification Potential

Cacao, Shade, and Agroforestry

2021 ◽  
pp. 138-145
Author(s):  
Dale Walters
Keyword(s):  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Shade Trees ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
And Function ◽  
Trees And Shrubs

In its natural habitat, cacao grows in the shade of larger trees. In fact, 70 percent of the world’s cacao is grown with some level of shade. This comes mostly from native forest trees, thinned out to provide space for cacao seedlings to be planted, or to a lesser extent, from trees specially planted to provide shade. This mixture of shade trees and shrubs creates a three-tier canopy, resulting in a multi-species system similar in structure and function to a forest, known as an agroforest. Cacao agroforestry systems include full-sun cacao, diversified-shade cacao, and specialized-shade cacao. Achieving an appropriate level of shading for cacao is important, since it affects yield and can influence pest and disease outbreaks. Shade in cacao also helps to maintain biodiversity, so getting shade right in cacao agroforestry is important. This chapter examines the benefits and problems associated with growing cacao with and without shade.

The influence of shade trees on coffee quality in small holder coffee agroforestry systems in Southern Colombia

2009 ◽  
Vol 129 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 253-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aske Skovmand Bosselmann ◽  
Klaus Dons ◽  
Thomas Oberthur ◽  
Carsten Smith Olsen ◽  
Anders Ræbild ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Shade Trees ◽  
Coffee Agroforestry ◽  
Small Holder

Contribution of shade trees to wind dynamics and pathogen dispersal on the edge of coffee agroforestry systems: A functional traits approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 130 ◽  
pp. 105071 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Gagliardi ◽  
Jacques Avelino ◽  
Leïla Bagny Beilhe ◽  
Marney E. Isaac
Keyword(s):  
Functional Traits ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Shade Trees ◽  
Coffee Agroforestry

scholarly journals Growth, Physiological, Nutrient Uptake Efficiency and Shade Tolerance Responses of Cacao Genotypes under Different Shades

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrique Arevalo Gardini ◽  
Abel Farfan ◽  
Fiorella Barraza ◽  
Cesar O. Arévalo-Hernández ◽  
Luis B. Zuñiga-Cernades ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Shade Trees ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Saturation Irradiance ◽  
Specific Variation ◽  
Understory Plant ◽  
Diverse Groups

Cacao is an understory plant cultivated under full-sun monocultures to multi-strata agroforestry systems, where cocoa trees are planted together with fruit, timber, firewood, and leguminous trees, or grown within thinned native forests. Under agroforestry systems of cultivation, cacao is subjected to excess shade due to high density of shade trees, and overgrown or unmanaged pruning of shade trees. Cacao is tolerant to shade, and the maximum photosynthetic rate occurs around irradiance of 400 μmol m−2 s−1 but excess shade reduces the irradiance further which is detrimental to photosynthesis and growth functions. Intra-specific variation is known to exist in cacao for the required saturation irradiance. A greenhouse study was implemented with 58 cacao genotypes selected from four geographically diverse groups: (i) wild cacao from river basins of the Peruvian Amazon, (PWC), (ii) Peruvian farmers’ collection (PFC), (iii) Brazilian cacao collection (BCC) and (iv) national and international cacao collections (NIC). All the cacao genotypes were subjected to 50% and 80% shade where photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) was 1000 and 400 μmol m-2 ּs-1 respectively. Intra-specific variations were observed for growth, physiological and nutritional traits, and tolerance to shade. Cacao genotypes tolerant to shade were: UNG-77 and UGU-130 from PWC; ICT-2173, ICT-2142, ICT-2172, ICT-1506, ICT-1087, and ICT-2171 from the PFC; PH-21, CA-14, PH-990 and PH-144 from BCC; and ICS-1, ICS-39, UF-613 and POUND-12 from NIC. Genotypes that tolerate excess shade might be useful plant types to maintain productivity and sustainability in agroforestry systems of cacao management.

scholarly journals Impacts of Shade Trees on the Adjacent Cacao Rhizosphere in a Young Diversified Agroforestry System

Agronomy ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 195
Author(s):  
Jennifer E. Schmidt ◽  
Alana Firl ◽  
Hamran Hamran ◽  
Nur Insana Imaniar ◽  
Taylor M. Crow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Microbial Diversity ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Agroforestry System ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Shade Trees ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Shade Tree

Cacao agroforestry systems offer the potential to diversify farmer income sources, enhance biodiversity, sequester carbon, and deliver other important ecosystem services. To date, however, studies have emphasized field- and system-scale outcomes of shade tree integration, and potential impacts on the rhizosphere of adjacent cacao trees have not been fully characterized. Interactions at the root–soil interface are closely linked to plant health and productivity, making it important to understand how diverse shade tree species may affect soil fertility and microbial communities in the cacao rhizosphere. We assessed the impacts of neighboring shade tree presence and identity on cacao yields and physical, chemical, and biological components of the cacao rhizosphere in a recently established diversified agroforestry system in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Stepwise regression revealed surprising and strong impacts of microbial diversity and community composition on cacao yields and pod infection rates. The presence of neighboring shade trees increased nitrogen, phosphorus, and pH in the rhizosphere of nearby cacao trees without yield losses. Over a longer time horizon, these increases in rhizosphere soil fertility will likely increase cacao productivity and shape microbial communities, as regression models showed nitrogen and phosphorus in particular to be important predictors of cacao yields and microbiome diversity and composition. However, neither presence nor identity of shade trees directly affected microbial diversity, community composition, or field-scale distance-decay relationships at this early stage of establishment. These results highlight locally specific benefits of shade trees in this agroecological context and emphasize the rhizosphere as a key link in indirect impacts of shade trees on cacao health and productivity in diversified systems.

scholarly journals Coffee and shade trees show complementary use of soil water in a traditional agroforestry ecosystem

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyssette E. Muñoz-Villers ◽  
Josie Geris ◽  
Susana Alvarado-Barrientos ◽  
Friso Holwerda ◽  
Todd E. Dawson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Belowground Biomass ◽  
Root Water Uptake ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Shade Trees ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Trema Micrantha ◽  
Traditional Agroforestry

Abstract. On a global scale, coffee has become one of the most sensitive commercial crops that will be affected by climate change. The majority of Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) grows in traditionally shaded agroforestry systems and accounts for ∼ 70 % of the coffee production worldwide. Nevertheless, the interaction between plant and soil water sources in these coffee plantations remains poorly understood. To investigate the functional response of dominant shade trees species and coffee (C. arabica var. typica) plants to different soil water availability conditions, we conducted a study during a normal and more pronounced dry season (2014 and 2017, respectively) and the 2017 wet season in a traditional agroecosystem in central Veracruz, Mexico. For the different periods, we specifically investigated the variations in water sources and root water uptake via MIXSIAR mixing models using δ18O and δ2H stable isotopes of rainfall, plant xylem and soil water, along with micrometeorological and soil moisture measurements. To further increase our mechanistic understanding about root activity, the distribution of belowground biomass and soil macronutrients were also examined and considered in the model. Results showed that, over the course of the two dry seasons investigated, all shade tree species (Lonchocarpus guatemalensis, Inga vera and Trema micrantha) relied on water sources from deeper soil layers (˃ 15 to 120 cm depth; 86 %), while the use of much shallower water sources (

Carbon stocks and the use of shade trees in different coffee growing systems in the Peruvian Amazon

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Solis ◽  
G. Vallejos-Torres ◽  
L. Arévalo ◽  
J. Marín-Díaz ◽  
M. Ñique-Alvarez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Agricultural Landscapes ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Shade Trees ◽  
Peruvian Amazon ◽  
Coffee Agroforestry ◽  
Total Carbon Stock

Abstract Agroforestry systems can play an important role in mitigating the effects of climate change given their capacity to increase tree diversity and to store more carbon than conventional farming. This study aims at assessing carbon stocks and the use of shade trees in different coffee growing systems in the Northeast Peruvian Amazon. Carbon stocks in trees were estimated by field-based measurements and allometric equations. Carbon stocks in dead wood, litter and soil (upper 60 cm) were determined using field sampling and laboratory analysis. The diversity analysis drew on the Shannon–Weiner diversity index, and focus groups were used to obtain information about the local use of shade trees. The total carbon stock in the polyculture-shaded coffee system was 189 t C/ha, while the Inga-shaded and unshaded systems totalled 146 and 113 t C/ha, respectively. The soil compartment contributed the largest carbon stock in the coffee growing systems and contained 67, 82 and 96% of the total carbon stock in the polyculture-shaded, Inga-shaded and unshaded coffee systems, respectively. The Shannon–Weiner index and tree species richness values were highest for the polyculture-shaded coffee system, with a total of 18 tree species identified as important sources of fodder, food, wood, firewood and medicine. Therefore, coffee agroforestry systems play a significant role in carbon storage, while promoting conservation of useful trees in agricultural landscapes in the Peruvian Amazon.

scholarly journals Carbon stock in the development of different designs of biodiverse agroforestry systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 720-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cinira de A. F. Fernandes ◽  
Sylvana N. Matsumoto ◽  
Volney S. Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Initial Phase ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Dominant Species ◽  
Rubber Tree ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Shade Trees ◽  
Environmental Protection Area ◽  
Protection Area

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to estimate the carbon stock in the different designs of biodiverse agroforestry systems (AFSs) in the region of the Environmental Protection Area (EPA) of Pratigi, Bahia, Brazil. Phytosociology aspects related to the potentiality of carbon stock of 10 farms were evaluated using plots of 10 x 50 m allocated in each AFS, inventorying 928 individuals of 17 families and 37 species, established in 2013. The biomass above and below the soil of the arboreal individuals were estimated by indirect method, using specific allometric equations for each species or group of species, with diameter above 1 cm. Carbon stock (CS) was estimated from the biomass. Cacao (Theobroma cacao) and rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) were the dominant species in all of the designs, which also contained fruit trees, and native and exotic shade trees. There was variation of the estimate of carbon stock (8.01-1.42 Mg ha-1) between the types of AFSs. The designs with a larger relative density of fruit and shade trees led to larger carbon storage, influenced by the wealth and diversity of species in the initial phase of establishment of biodiverse AFSs.

Bird predation on insects reduces damage to the foliage of cocoa trees (Theobroma cacao) in western Panama

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 715-719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunshine A. Van Bael ◽  
Peter Bichier ◽  
Russell Greenberg
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Trophic Interactions ◽  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Bird Diversity ◽  
Herbivorous Insects ◽  
Insect Damage ◽  
Shade Trees ◽  
Insectivorous Birds ◽  
Bird Predation

In the Neotropics, crops that are grown in agroforestry systems with shade trees support high levels of bird diversity compared with crops grown without shade (Estrada & Coates-Estrada 2005, Faria et al. 2006). Several experiments in shaded coffee farms have explored how insectivorous birds reduce herbivore numbers and their damage to plants and have simultaneously approached ecological questions that are applied (e.g. biological control) and basic (e.g. tri-trophic interactions) (Borkhataria et al. 2006, Greenberg et al., Perfecto et al. 2004). Here we used exclosures to test whether birds lower the densities of herbivorous insects and reduce insect damage to cocoa (Theobroma cacao L., Sterculiaceae) foliage in shaded farms of western Panama. Although bird predation has been shown to reduce insect damage to crops in other systems (Mols & Visser 2002), we provide the first test for shade-grown cocoa.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document