ESTIMATION OF ABOVEGROUND CARBON STOCK USING SAR SENTINEL-1 IMAGERY IN SAMARINDA CITY

Estimation of aboveground carbon stock on stands vegetation, especially in green open space, has become an urgent issue in the effort to calculate, monitor, manage, and evaluate carbon stocks, especially in a massive urban area such as Samarinda City, Kalimantan Timur Province, Indonesia. The use of Sentinel-1 imagery was maximised to accommodate the weaknesses in its optical imagery, and combined with its ability to produce cloud-free imagery and minimal atmospheric influence. The study aims to test the accuracy of the estimated model of above-ground carbon stocks, to ascertain the total carbon stock, and to map the spatial distribution of carbon stocks on stands vegetation in Samarinda City. The methods used included empirical modelling of carbon stocks and statistical analysis comparing backscatter values and actual carbon stocks in the field using VV and VH polarisation. Model accuracy tests were performed using the standard error of estimate in independent accuracy test samples. The results show that Samarinda Utara subdistrict had the highest carbon stock of 3,765,255.9 tons in the VH exponential model. Total carbon stocks in the exponential VH models were 6,489,478.1 tons, with the highest maximum accuracy of 87.6 %, and an estimated error of 0.57 tons/pixel.

Estimasi Biomassa dan Simpanan Karbon pada Vegetasi Lamun di Perairan Pantai Jepara

Peningkatan emisi karbon yang berasal dari berbagai aktivitas manusisa dapat mengakibatkan terjadinya pemanasan global. Salah satu upaya untuk mengurangi emisi gas karbon adalah dengan memanfaatkan vegetasi pesisir seperti lamun yang dikenal dengan istilah blue carbon. Ekosistem lamun merupakan salah satu ekosistem pesisir yang dapat menyerap dan menyimpan karbon dalam jumlah yang besar dan dalam waktu yang lama. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kerapatan, tutupan lamun, nilai biomassa dan simpanan karbon pada lamun di Pantai Blebak dan Pantai Prawean, Kabupaten Jepara. Metode survei dan penentuan lokasi dipilih dengan menggunakan metode purposive sampling, sedangkan metode pengambilan data lamun melalui metode line transect quadrant dengan ukuran 50x50 cm yang mengacu pada metode LIPI 2017. Perhitungan kandungan karbon menggunakan metode Loss On Ignition (LOI). Hasil kerapatan lamun total pada Pantai Prawean yaitu sebesar 221,45 ind/m2 dan nilai tutupan total lamun sebesar 45,98%. Kerapatan lamun total pada Pantai Blebak yaitu sebesar 160 ind/m2 dan nilai tutupan total lamun sebesar 41,67%. Nilai biomassa bawah substrat dan atas substrat pada Pantai Prawean (726,25 gbk/m2 dan 500,50 gbk/m2) menunjukkan nilai yang lebih besar dibandingkan nilai biomassa bawah substrat dan atas substrat pada Pantai Blebak (606,50 gbk/m2 dan 370,75 gbk/m2). Total kandungan karbon pada Pantai Prawean adalah 464,10 gC/m2 sedangkan pada Pantai Blebak adalah 357,79 gC/m2. Hasil perhitungan total stok karbon yang didapatkan menunjukkan bahwa Pantai Prawean memiliki nilai biomassa dan total stok karbon yang lebih tinggi daripada Pantai Blebak. Human activities lead to the increasing of carbon emission, which caused global warming. Seagrass and other coastal vegetation are being used to reduce carbon emission. This is known as blue carbon. The seagrass ecosystem is one of coastal ecosystem that can absorb and stock high amount of carbon in a short period of time. This study was done to determine the density, seagrass coverage, biomass, and carbon stock within the seagrass in Prawean and Blebak Beach, Jepara. Survey method and location determination method were done with purposive sampling method. Whereas, the seagrass data was collected by Line Transect Quadrant method 50x50 cm based on LIPI’s 2017 method. Loss on Ignition method was used to measure the carbon’s content. The density of total seagrass in Prawean beach is 221,45 ind/m2 and the total percentage of seagrass coverage is 45,98%. Total density of seagrass in Blebak Beach is 160 ind/m2 with a coverage percentage of 41,67%. The biomass below the substrate level and above the substrate level in Prawean Beach (726,25 gbk/m2 and 500,50 gbk/m2) showed a bigger amount than the amount of biomass in Blebak Beach (606,50 gbk/m2 and 370,75 gbk/m2). Total amount of carbon in Prawean is 464,10 gC/m2 meanwhile in Blebak, the amount of carbon is 357,79 gC/m2. The results of the total carbon stock obtained indicate that Prawean Beach has higher biomass and total carbon stock values than Blebak Beach.

Carbon Stock Evaluation and Potential Carbon Market Value Determination of Ashaavieen Nature Reserve, Msallata, Libya

This study targets to assign the total carbon stock of Ashaavieen Nature Reserve, Msallata, Libya, as-sisting its potential carbon market value based on different global market sources. Northern and Southern sites were adopted representing the dominant tree species; (Pinus halepensis, Ziziphus lotus, and Ceratonia siliqua). The samples were conducted across the summer and winter of 2020 to get an annual average. These samples were classified into leaves, stems, bark (aboveground), and roots (be-lowground). The soil samples were collected at 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, and 20-30 cm depth. Organic car-bon content was assessed based on the Loss on Ignition method (LOI). The results have shown that the bark has recorded the highest carbon content rate, followed by the stem, leaf, and root. Also, the carbon in soil samples has a direct relationship with depth in the order of (0-10 cm) > (10-20 cm) > (20-30 cm). Total carbon stock was 870.47 (t/ha/yr) and 1858.21 (t/ha/yr) in Northern and Southern sites. Total tree coverage of the study area was estimated at 91.26 hectares, while the potential carbon market value ranged from 0.72 t0 32.09 million USD.

CARBON IN SOILS IN FOREST REGIONS OF EUROPEAN-URAL PART OF RUSSIA

Soil carbon pool in the block of the European-Ural part of Russia was assessed on a topological basis of lands categories adopted in State Forest Inventory (21 biotopes in total). The published data on 675 soil profiles were linked to biotopes and forest regions through coordinates and descriptions of profiles (13). The total carbon stock in the soils in forest regions of the European-Ural part were 19.3*109 t C for a depth of 0–30 cm, 26.6*109 t C for a depth of 0–50 cm, and 34.2*109 t C for a depth of 0–100 cm. Forest area in the European part of Russia for these forest regions is estimated at 181.13*106 ha. Aggregated data are presented both for biotopes of the entire region and for forest regions. We compared the results obtained on top basis of dominant tree species and non-forest lands with the estimates of other authors obtained for various soil types.

Karbon Tersimpan Pada Hutan Kota Bumi Saniari Kabupaten Teluk Bintuni

An urban forest is a collection of trees growing among buildings and people where they can protect the city as the functional traits. Forests are playing an important role in stabilizing CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere. As forest is a source of CO2 emissions, forests are also able to absorb and store CO2, so we could estimate the amount of CO2 absorbed by forest trees by calculating their biomass. This study aims to obtain the amount of carbon stock stored in the City Forest of Bumi Saniari, Teluk Bintuni Regency. Carbon stock was calculated to obtaine aboveground carbon (AGB), below ground carbon (BGB) and litter carbon (CS). In this study no measurements were made of soil carbon. The method used in this research is descriptive method and field survey with measurements using the nondestructive method. The results obtained were 801.52 tons of stored carbon above ground (AGB), the soil surface / litter (CS) is 273.54 tons C. The total carbon stock is 10 hectares of 1,411.69 tons C.

Carbon stock estimation of mangrove forest in Sulaman Lake Forest Reserve, Sabah, Malaysia

Besar NA, Suhaili NS, Fei JLJ, Sha’ari FW, Idris MI, Hatta SH, Kodoh J. 2020. Carbon stock estimation of Sulaman Lake Forest Reserve in Sabah, Malaysia. Biodiversitas 21: 5657-5664. Mangrove forest has a significant role in sequestering carbon gases from the atmosphere but there are lesser literature has been made on it. This research was conducted to quantify the aboveground, belowground and soil carbon stock in Sulaman Lake Forest Reserve, Sabah, Malaysia. Nine transect lines with 125 m length were established and a circle with 7 m radius was set in every 25 m. Forest inventory was done to get the diameter breast height of standing trees and soil sampling with four different depths (0-15 cm, 15-30 cm, 30-50 cm and 50-100 cm) were taken for soil analysis and bulk density. Allometric equation was used to calculate aboveground and belowground biomass then its carbon stock was estimated as 50% from its total biomass. The result shows the total carbon stock in the study area was 441.72 Mg C ha-1, and soil has the highest value of carbon stock (351.98 ± 11.73 Mg C ha-1) followed by aboveground carbon (67.30 ± 20.55 Mg C ha-1) and belowground carbon (22.44 ± 0.17 Mg C ha-1). This study found that soil carbon stock made up almost 80% of the total carbon stock in the mangrove forest. This ecosystem also shows a higher value of carbon stock compared to other locations hence emphasized the importance of prioritizing a mangrove forest in any climate mitigation efforts.

Carbon stocks and the use of shade trees in different coffee growing systems in the Peruvian Amazon

Agroforestry systems can play an important role in mitigating the effects of climate change given their capacity to increase tree diversity and to store more carbon than conventional farming. This study aims at assessing carbon stocks and the use of shade trees in different coffee growing systems in the Northeast Peruvian Amazon. Carbon stocks in trees were estimated by field-based measurements and allometric equations. Carbon stocks in dead wood, litter and soil (upper 60 cm) were determined using field sampling and laboratory analysis. The diversity analysis drew on the Shannon–Weiner diversity index, and focus groups were used to obtain information about the local use of shade trees. The total carbon stock in the polyculture-shaded coffee system was 189 t C/ha, while the Inga-shaded and unshaded systems totalled 146 and 113 t C/ha, respectively. The soil compartment contributed the largest carbon stock in the coffee growing systems and contained 67, 82 and 96% of the total carbon stock in the polyculture-shaded, Inga-shaded and unshaded coffee systems, respectively. The Shannon–Weiner index and tree species richness values were highest for the polyculture-shaded coffee system, with a total of 18 tree species identified as important sources of fodder, food, wood, firewood and medicine. Therefore, coffee agroforestry systems play a significant role in carbon storage, while promoting conservation of useful trees in agricultural landscapes in the Peruvian Amazon.

Kajian Perubahan Luasan untuk Prediksi Simpanan Karbon Ekosistem Mangrove di Desa Kaliwlingi, Kabupaten Brebes

Ekosistem mangrove memiliki potensi besar dalam penyerapan CO2 dari atmosfer. Jumlah kadar CO2 yang tersimpan pada ekosistem mangrove semakin berkurang seiring menyusutnya luasan ekosistem mangrove tersebut. Ekosistem mangrove Kabupaten Brebes diduga telah mengalami perubahan luasan sehingga berpengaruh terhadap jumlah CO2 yang terserap. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perubahan luasan dan prediksi simpanan karbon ekosistem mangrove di Desa Kaliwlingi, Kabupaten Brebes. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan Mei 2019 dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif. Citra yang digunakan adalah citra satelit Landsat tahun 1996, 2000, 2007, 2010, 2015, dan 2019. Pengolahan citra dilakukan dengan bantuan software Er Mapper 7.0 dan Arcmap 10.4.1. Tahapan identifikasi mangrove menggunakan komposit band RGB 564, kemudian dilakukan pemisahan obyek mangrove dan non mangrove dengan menggunakan metode unsupervised classification. Metode analisis kerapatan mangrove yang digunakan adalah algoritma NDVI. Perhitungan nilai kandungan biomassa berdasarkan rumus allometrik tiap spesies. Perubahan luasan ekosistem mangrove di Desa Kaliwlingi, Kabupaten Brebes tahun 1996 - 2019 berturut-turut adalah 51,84 ha, 114,30 ha, 43,29 ha, 163,62 ha, 286,38 ha dan 475,65 ha. Sedangkan prediksi nilai simpanan karbon total adalah ± 689,57 ton, ± 1474,18 ton, ± 541,07 ton, ± 2612,17 ton, ± 4324,36 ton, dan ± 6778,30 ton. Nilai simpanan karbon total pada ekosistem mangrove di Desa Kaliwlingi, Kabupaten Brebes meningkat seiring dengan bertambahnya luasan ekosistem mangrove tersebut. Mangrove ecosystems have great potential in absorbing CO2 from the atmosphere. The amount of CO2 stored in the mangrove ecosystem decreases as the area of the mangrove ecosystem shrinks. The mangrove ecosystem area of Brebes Regency was justified decreased as well as the CO2 absorption. This study aims to determine changes in the extent and predictions of carbon stock of mangrove ecosystems in Kaliwlingi village, Brebes Regency. This research was conducted in May 2019 using descriptive methods. The imagery used was Landsat satellite imagery in 1996, 2000, 2007, 2010, 2015 and 2019. Image processing was carried out with the help of Er Mapper 7.0 and Arcmap 10.4.1 software. The stages of mangrove identification using the RGB 564 composite band, then the separation of mangrove and non-mangrove objects was carried out using the unsupervised classification method. The mangrove density analysis method used was the NDVI algorithm. Calculation of biomass value based on the allometric formula for each species. Changes in the extent of mangrove ecosystems in Kaliwlingi village, Brebes Regency in 1996 - 2019 were 51.84 ha, 114.30 ha, 43.29 ha, 163.62 ha, 286.38 ha and 475.65 ha, respectively. While the predicted values of total carbon stock were ± 689,57 ton, ± 1474,18 ton, ± 541,07 ton, ± 2612,17 ton, ± 4324,36 ton, dan ± 6778,30 ton. The values of total carbon stock in the mangrove ecosystem in Kaliwlingi village, Brebes Regency was increased along with the expansion of the mangrove ecosystem.

Carbon storage along altitudes in agrisilviculture system- Case study of Devprayag Block, Tehri District, Uttarakhand, India

Climate change is one of the impending problems that have affected the productivity of agroecosystems which calls for urgent action. Carbon sequestration through agroforestry along altitude in mountainous regions is one of the options to contribute to global climate change mitigation. Three altitudes viz. lower (286-1200m), middle (1200-2000m), and upper (2000-2800m) have been selected in Tehri district. Ten Quadrates (10m × 10 m) were randomly selected from each altitude in agrisilviculture system. At every sampling point, one composite soil sample was taken at 30 cm soil depth for soil organic carbon analysis. For the purpose of woody biomass, Non destructive method and for crop biomass assessment destructive method was employed. Finally, aboveground biomass (AGB), belowground biomass carbon (BGB), Total tree Biomass (TTB), Crop biomass (CB), Total Biomass (TB), Total biomass carbon (TBC), soil organic carbon (SOC), and total carbon stock (TC) status were estimated and variables were compared using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).The result indicated that AGB, BGB, TTB, CB , TB, TBC, SOC, and TC varied significantly (p < 0.05) across the altitudes. Results showed that total carbon stock followed the order upper altitude ˃ middle altitudes ˃ lower altitude. The upper altitude (2000-2800 m) AGB, BGB,TTB, TBC,SOC, and TC stock was estimated as 2.11 Mg ha-1 , 0.52 Mg ha-1, 2.63 Mg ha-1, 2.633 Mg ha-1, 1.18 Mg ha-1 , 26.53 Mg ha-1, 38.48 Mg ha-1 respectively, and significantly higher than the other altitudes. It was concluded that agrisilviculture system hold a high potential for carbon storage at temperate zones. Quercus lucotrichophora, Grewia oppositifolia and Melia azadirach contributed maximum carbon storage which may greatly contribute to the climate resilient green economy strategy and their conservation should be promoted.