Study on Multi-Dimensional Optimization of Detailed Laboratory Analysis Method for Ship Ballast Water

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 671-678
Author(s):  
Zheng Lu ◽  
Yinhao Wang ◽  
Shun Zhang ◽  
Kun Zhang ◽  
Yue Shi
Keyword(s):  
Ballast Water ◽  
Storage Time ◽  
Fluorescent Dyes ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Fluorescence Staining ◽  
Ship Ballast Water ◽  
Unified Method ◽  
Dimensional Optimization

Ballast water can bring aquatic organisms into foreign ecosystems and cause the risk of biological invasion. Therefore, it needs to be treated before discharge, and the treated water needs to be analyzed to determine whether it meets the specified standard. At present, there is no unified method for the detection of plankton worldwide, and there are some problems in the existing methods, such as unreasonable and inaccurate. In this study, neutral red (NR), 5-chloromethyfluorescein diacetate (CMFDA) and fluorescein diacetate (FDA) were used to dye the 10-50 µm plankton of three common phyla in ballast water, and were determined by fluorescence microscope. The results showed that for 10-50 µm plankton, the staining effect of double fluorescence staining was obvious, while the fluorescent dyes could only stain part of marine diatoms, and the sample could not be fixed. The optimal dyeing concentration of neutral red was 1/5000, the dyeing time was 20 min, and the overall dyeing efficiency was above 99%. Fixing agent was used after neutral red staining, when fixing with Lugol’s solution, the lower the temperature, the better the preservation effect. At -4 °C, the storage time of the sample could be increased to 12 h, and the proportion of plankton was more than 96%. In conclusion, neutral red staining can be used as a supplement to fluorescence staining, and the the storage time of samples can be prolong by pretreatment and fixation the samples.

Methodological Implications on Quantitative Studies of Cytocompatibility in Direct Contact with Bioceramic Surfaces

2011 ◽  
Vol 493-494 ◽  
pp. 325-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. Cortês ◽  
Elena Mavropoulos ◽  
Moema Hausen ◽  
Alexandre Rossi ◽  
J.M. Granjeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Adhesion ◽  
Crystal Violet ◽  
Fluorescent Dyes ◽  
Ceramic Materials ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Cell Counting ◽  
Cell Detection ◽  
Porous Hydroxyapatite ◽  
Detection And Counting ◽  
Direct Cell

Cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation are important specific parameters to be evaluated on biocompatibility studies of candidate biomaterials for clinical applications. Several different methodologies have been employed to study, both qualitative and quantitatively, the direct interactions of ceramic materials with cultured mammal and human cells. However, while quantitatively evaluating cell density, viability and metabolic responses to test materials, several methodological challenges may arise, either by impairing the use of some widely applied techniques, or by generating false or conflicting results. In this work, we tested the inherent interference of different representative calcium phosphate ceramic surfaces (stoichiometric dense and porous hydroxyapatite (HA) and cation-substituted apatite tablets) on different tests for quantitative evaluation of osteoblast adhesion and metabolism, either based on direct cell counting after trypsinization, colorimetric assays (XTT, Neutral Red and Crystal Violet) and fluorescence microscopy. Cell adhesion estimation after trypsinization was highly dependent on the time of treatment, and the group with the highest level of estimated adhesion was inverted from 5 to 20 minutes of exposition to trypsin. Both dense and porous HA samples presented high levels of background adsorption of the Crystal Violet dye, impairing cell detection. HA surfaces also were able to adsorb high levels of fluorescent dyes (DAPI and phalloidin-TRITC), generating backgrounds which, in the case of porous HA, impaired cell detection and counting by image processing software (Image Pro Plus 6.0). We conclude that the choice for the most suitable method for cell detection and estimation is highly dependent on very specific characteristics of the studied material, and methodological adaptations on well established protocols must always be carefully taken on consideration.

Influence of selected fluorescent dyes on small aquatic organisms

2010 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paweł M. Rowiński ◽  
Marcin M. Chrzanowski
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescent Dyes ◽  
Aquatic Organisms

Numerical Simulation of Sloshing of Water in Ship Tanks During Sequential Ballast Water Exchange in Seaways

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makoto Arai ◽  
Humberto S. Makiyama ◽  
Liang-Yee Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Ballast Water ◽  
Water Exchange ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Marine Pollution ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Exchange Method ◽  
Ballast Tank ◽  
Open Sea ◽  
Merchant Ship ◽  
Ballast Tanks

In recent years, ballast water has been blamed for a variety of marine pollution problems, particularly for transporting harmful aquatic organisms from one part of the world to another and damaging the ecosystem of the new areas. A relatively simple mechanism to control this problem is to exchange ballast water on the high seas between ports in order to remove invasive species before the ship reaches its destination. However, some issues regarding ballast exchange on the open sea need to be addressed before this operation is introduced. One of them is the sloshing of the sea water in the ballast tank. In this paper, ballast water exchange on the open sea by means of the Sequential exchange method is simulated. Irregular seaways are generated from the ISSC spectrum, and the sloshing response of the water in the ballast tanks of a large merchant ship is numerically computed by using a finite difference code developed by the authors. The results showed that there is little possibility that severe sloshing presents a serious problem in regard to the ballast tank’s strength, especially in the case of a bulk carrier whose tanks are generally short in length, with sloshing anticipated only at the low water level.

scholarly journals Ballast water management for sustainable development – some remarks on Polish law

2018 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 01027
Author(s):  
Dorota Pyć
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Ballast Water ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Ecosystem Approach ◽  
International Convention ◽  
Environmental Threats ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Polish Law ◽  
Control And Management

The main aim of the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments (BWM Convention) is to prevent, minimize and ultimately eliminate the risk of introducing harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens (HAOP) transferred in ships’ ballast waters and sediments to non-native environment for them, mainly for waters in seaports and coastal waters. The BWM Convention entered into force globally on 8 September 2017. This convention is based on the precautionary principle and the ecosystem approach to achieving sustainable development goals. Effective protection and preservation of the maritime environment depends on the preventive and reasonable actions, especially in case of environmental threats or combating pollution. This means that it is necessary to react efficiently by relevant authorities and boost international and regional cooperation, as well as development of other instruments such as inspection and reporting systems. The purpose of this paper is to present the state of preparation to the implementation of the BWM Convention in connection with its ratification by Poland, which is planned for 2018.

scholarly journals Ability of Vital and Fluorescent Staining in the Differentiation of Schistosoma haematobium Live and Dead Eggs

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Forson ◽  
Tetteh-Quarcoo ◽  
Ahenkorah ◽  
Aryee ◽  
Okine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trypan Blue ◽  
Schistosoma Haematobium ◽  
Fluorescent Dyes ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Egg Viability ◽  
Hoechst 33258 ◽  
Drug Development Research ◽  
First Time ◽  
Viability Determination

This study reports (for the first time) the staining ability of vital (0.4% trypan blue and 1% neutral red) and fluorescent (Hoechst 33258) dyes to differentiate between live and dead Schistosoma haematobium (S. haematobium) eggs in human urine samples. Since S. haematobium egg is important in disease pathology, diagnosis, transmission, and drug development research, it is essential to be able to easily distinguish live eggs from dead ones. Staining is considered a way of enhancing the identification of live and dead eggs. Urine samples from school children were examined for the presence of S. haematobium eggs. Vital and fluorescent dyes were used to stain the samples that contained S. haematobium eggs, after which they were observed using light and fluorescent microscopes, respectively. The Hoechst 33258 provided a good staining outcome for differentiation between live and dead eggs, followed by 0.4% Trypan blue. Regarding the 1% neutral red stain, even though it provided some evidence of which egg was alive or dead, the distinction was not very clear; therefore, it could be useful when used in combination with other stains for egg viability determination. The benefits of this study will include assessing the effect of drugs on S. haematobium eggs in Schistosomiasis research.

scholarly journals Preventing maritime transport of pathogens: the remarkable antimicrobial properties of silver-supported catalysts for ship ballast water disinfection

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 712-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. P. Theologides ◽  
S. P. Theofilou ◽  
A. Anayiotos ◽  
C. N. Costa
Keyword(s):  
Ballast Water ◽  
Supported Catalysts ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatment ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Shipping Industry ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Ionic Silver ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Ship Ballast Water

Ship ballast water (SBW) antimicrobial treatment is considered as a priority issue for the shipping industry. The present work investigates the possibility of utilizing antimicrobial catalysis as an effective method for the treatment of SBW. Taking into account the well-known antimicrobial properties of ionic silver (Ag+), five silver-supported catalysts (Ag/γ-Al2O3) with various loadings (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, and 1 wt%) were prepared and examined for the antimicrobial treatment of SBW. The bactericidal activity of the aforementioned catalysts was investigated towards the inhibition of Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) and Escherichia faecalis (Gram-positive) bacteria. Catalytic experiments were conducted in a three-phase continuous flow stirred tank reactor, used in a semi-batch mode. It was found that using the catalyst with the lowest metal loading, the inhibition of E. coli reached 95.8% after 30 minutes of treatment of an E. coli bacterial solution, while the inhibition obtained for E. faecalis was 76.2% after 60 minutes of treatment of an E. faecalis bacterial solution. Even better results (100% inhibition after 5 min of reaction) were obtained using the catalysts with higher Ag loadings. The results of the present work indicate that the prepared monometallic catalysts exert their antimicrobial activity within a short period of time, revealing, for the first time ever, that the field of antimicrobial heterogeneous catalysis using deposited ionic silver on a solid support may prove decisive for the disinfection of SBW.

Ship Ballast Water Management in Turkish Ports and Waterways

2011 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-32
Author(s):  
Tanzer Satir ◽  
Bhaskar Kura
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Ballast Water ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Marine Pollution ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Marine Habitat ◽  
Efficient Operation ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
Ship Ballast Water ◽  
Ballast Water Management

AbstractThe introduction of invasive marine species into a new environment by ballast water attached to ship hulls has been identified as one of the four greatest threats to the world’s oceans. The other three are land-based sources of marine pollution, overexploitation of living marine resources, and physical alteration/destruction of marine habitat. Ballast is any material used to add weight to balance an object. One example includes the sandbags carried on conventional hot air balloons, which can be discarded to lighten the balloon’s load, allowing it to ascend. Ballast water is water carried by ships to ensure stability, trim, and structural integrity. Shipping moves over 80% of the world’s commodities and transfers approximately 3‐5 billion tons of ballast water internationally each year. A similar volume may also be transferred domestically within countries and regions each year. Ballast water is absolutely essential to the safe and efficient operation of modern shipping, providing balance and stability to unladen ships. However, it may also pose a serious ecological, economical, and health threat to the marine environment.Turkey is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in western Asia and southeastern Europe. Turkey is surrounded by three seas: the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea, and the Aegean Sea. The Turkish straits that separate Europe and Asia are one of the busiest waterways of the world. Turkey has several ports and berthing facilities. The number of ships coming to ports or passing through the straits has been increasing in the last decade. Half of these ships are carrying ballast water. Turkey has not ratified the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments (BWM) as yet but will soon prepare ballast water strategies. This paper discusses two different topics: ship ballast water management strategies and treatment technologies. The authors recommend the best strategies for prevention of ship ballast water pollution in the Turkish straits and ports.

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