An Evaluation of the Distribution of Remote Automated Weather Stations (RAWS)

2010 ◽  
Vol 49 (7) ◽  
pp. 1563-1578 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Horel ◽  
Xia Dong
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Weather Stations ◽  
Background Fields ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Validation Experiments

Abstract This study estimates whether surface observations of temperature, moisture, and wind at some stations in the continental United States are less critical than others for specifying weather conditions in the vicinity of those stations. Two-dimensional variational analyses of temperature, relative humidity, and wind were created for selected midday hours during summer 2008. This set of 8925 control analyses was derived from 5-km-resolution background fields and Remote Automated Weather Station (RAWS) and National Weather Service (NWS) observations within roughly 4° × 4° latitude–longitude domains. Over 570 000 cross-validation experiments were completed to assess the impact of removing each RAWS and NWS station. The presence of observational assets within relatively close proximity to one another is relatively common. The sensitivity to removing temperature, relative humidity, or wind observations varies regionally and depends on the complexity of the surrounding terrain and the representativeness of the observations. Cost savings for the national RAWS program by removing a few stations may be possible. However, nearly all regions of the country remain undersampled, especially mountainous regions of the western United States frequently affected by wildfires.

scholarly journals Optimal Network Design Applied to Monitoring and Forecasting Surface Temperature in Antarctica

2020 ◽  
Vol 148 (2) ◽  
pp. 857-873
Author(s):  
Gregory J. Hakim ◽  
Karin A. Bumbaco ◽  
Robert Tardif ◽  
Jordan G. Powers
Keyword(s):  
Network Design ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Wrf Model ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Forecast Errors ◽  
Design Algorithm ◽  
Monitoring And Forecasting ◽  
Weather Stations ◽  
Blank Slate ◽  
The Impact

Abstract As harsh weather conditions in Antarctica make it difficult to support a dense weather observing network there, it is critical to place new weather stations in locations that are optimal for a given monitoring goal. Here we demonstrate a network design algorithm that uses ensemble sensitivity to identify optimal locations for new automatic weather stations in Antarctica. We define the optimal location as one that maximizes the reduction in total variance of a given spatial field. Using WRF Model forecast output from the Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System (AMPS), we identify the best locations for observations across the continent by considering two spatial fields: (i) the daily 0000 UTC 2-m temperature analysis field and (ii) the daily 0000 UTC 2-m air temperature 24-h forecast field. We explore the impact of spatial localization on the results, finding that a covariance length scale of 3000 km is appropriate for these metrics. We find optimal locations assuming that no stations exist on the continent (blank slate) and conditional on existing stations (CD90). In the “blank slate” scenario, the Megadunes region emerges as the most important location to both monitor temperature and reduce temperature forecast errors, with the Ronne Coast and the Siple Coast following. Results for the monitoring and forecasting metrics are similar for the CD90 subset as well, indicating that additional stations could benefit multiple performance goals. Considering the CD90 subset, Wilkes Land–Adelie Coast, Ellsworth Land, and Queen Maud Land–Interior are identified as regions to consider installing new stations for optimizing network performance.

scholarly journals The impact of temperature and relative humidity on spatiotemporal patterns of infant bronchiolitis epidemics in the contiguous United States

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 46-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chantel Sloan ◽  
Matthew Heaton ◽  
Sorah Kang ◽  
Candace Berrett ◽  
Pingsheng Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Spatiotemporal Patterns ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals How Climate Variables Influence the Spread of SARS-CoV-19 in the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 9192
Author(s):  
André de Souza Melo ◽  
Ana Iza Gomes da Penha Sobral ◽  
Marcelo Luiz Monteiro Marinho ◽  
Gisleia Benini Duarte ◽  
Thiago Henrique Ferreira Gomes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Infection Model ◽  
Climate Variables ◽  
Temperature Variations ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Weather Stations ◽  
The Impact

During the 2020 Coronavirus pandemic, several scientific types of research investigated the causes of high transmissibility and deaths caused by SARS-CoV-2. Among the spreading factors of the disease, it is known that there is an association between temperature and infected people. However, the studies that identified this phenomenon explored an association relationship, which is weaker and does not allow the identification of which variable would be the cause. This study aimed to analyze the impact of temperature variations and other climatic variables on the infection rate of COVID-19. Data were extracted from weather stations in the United States, which were segregated by county and day. Daily COVID-19 infections and deaths per county were also collected. Two models were used: the first model to analyze the temperature and the number of infected cases and the second model to evaluate the variables of temperature, precipitation, and snow in relation to COVID-19 infection. Model 1 shows that an increase in temperature at time zero caused a decrease in the number of infected cases. Meanwhile, a decrease in temperature after the temperature shock was associated with an increase in the number of cases, which tended to zero overall. A 1% increase in temperature caused a 0.002% decrease in the number of cases. The results suggested a causal relationship between the average temperature and number of CODIV-19 cases. Model 2, which includes temperature, precipitation, and snow shows that an increase in temperature resulted in a 0.00154% decrease response. There was no significant effect of increased precipitation and snow on the infection rate with COVID-19.

scholarly journals Climatology of Discomfort Index for Decade in Bandar Lampung, Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lailatus Siami ◽  
Anindita Ramadhani
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Change Impact ◽  
Weather Stations ◽  
Discomfort Index ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Climate change as certain phenomena has occurred globally and the impact feels by people especially for those who live on the island. Weather pattern shifting is one of the evidence of climate change impact, and many scientists are still trying to prove it. Weather affected by a combination of temperature, relativity humidity, etc. The fact that those parameters closely related to the need of health especially temperature and relative humidity and well-known thermal scale grouped in a range called discomfort index (DI). This study aims to analyze the outdoor condition in Bandar Lampung by figure out discomfort index. Weather parameter collected from secondary data of Teluk Betung weather station from 2007 – 2017 in three levels of high, average and low condition. In that period, temperature and humidity in Bandar Lampung relatively stable between 20-35∘C and 50-100%. In general, the city encountered with varies conditions by high temperature above 29∘C and high relative humidity more than 85%. Meanwhile, DI changes from year to year are not significantly occurred that indicates in high temperature, average and low weather are everyone feels severe stress, more than 50% of people feel discomfort, and comfortable condition. Nevertheless, every year it already shows an uncomfortable situation especially in high temperature and even at an average temperature. Furthermore, the study needs to compare with other weather stations in Bandar Lampung.

scholarly journals The impact of weather conditions on alpha-acid content in hop (Humulus lupulus L.) cv. Aurora

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 519-525
Author(s):  
Douglas MacKinnon ◽  
Viljem Pavlovič ◽  
Barbara Čeh ◽  
Boštjan Naglič ◽  
Martin Pavlovič
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Humulus Lupulus ◽  
Forecasting Model ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Humulus Lupulus L ◽  
Time Of Year ◽  
The Impact

The influence of four main weather attributes on the content of alpha-acids of the hop cv. Aurora for the period 1994–2019 was studied. By analysing correlation coefficients, specific times of the year when the weather conditions affect the alpha-acid content with the goal of creating a forecasting model in Slovenia were identified. The most significant periods of weather that impacted the alpha-acid contents throughout the growing time of year are recognised as attributes of temperatures (T), rainfall (R) and sunshine (S) calculated from the 25<sup>th</sup> to 30<sup>th</sup> week (T<sub>2530</sub>, r = –0.78, P &lt; 0.01; R<sub>2529</sub>, r = 0.72, P &lt; 0.01 and S<sub>2529</sub>, r = –0.81, P &lt; 0.01) and attributes of relative humidity (RH) from the 27<sup>th</sup> to 32<sup>nd</sup> week (RH<sub>2732</sub>, r = 0.82, P &lt; 0.01). T<sub>2530</sub> stands for the amount of active temperatures from June 18 to July 29. Likewise, R<sub>2530</sub> matches to the precipitation (in mm or L/m<sup>2</sup>) during the same time period.  

scholarly journals Effect of relative humidity, temperature, light and plant age on infection of lowbush blueberry by Sphaerulina vaccinii

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pervaiz Abbasi ◽  
Paul Hildebrand ◽  
Shawkat Ali ◽  
Debra Moreau ◽  
Willy Renderos
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Continuous Light ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Stem Canker ◽  
Plant Age ◽  
Continuous Darkness ◽  
Lowbush Blueberry ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Humid Period

Leaf spot and stem canker caused by Sphaerulina vaccinii is associated with premature defoliation in lowbush blueberry resulting in reduced yields. In this study, we investigated the impact of free water, relative humidity (RH), temperature, light, and plant age on leaf infection under controlled conditions. On potato dextrose agar, germination of conidia was usually polar. Growth was minimal at 5 and 10°C, increased at 15 and 20°C, was maximal at 25°C and decreased at 30°C. Percentage of germinated conidia on inoculated blueberry leaves incubated in dark controlled-humidity chambers for 3 days (25°C) was 86.0, 90.5, 81.3 and 28.3% in free water, 100, 97.5 or 95% relative humidity (RH), respectively. Germination did not occur at 90 or 85% RH. Infection of inoculated plants, however, was not favored by free water, but rather by high RH (>95%) and a 14-h photoperiod (180 µmol/m2/s). Infection failed in continuous darkness, continuous light or continuous darkness followed by 4, 8 or 12 h of light. Light and scanning electron microscopy showed that hyphal penetration into stomata on abaxial leaf surfaces was strongly tropic. When germ tubes grew in close proximity to a stomate, a penetration hypha formed at about 90° angles to the germ tube and took the closest path to the stomate. Stomatal penetration was usually direct, but occasionally appressorium-like hyphal swellings formed over stomatal openings. When inoculated plants were exposed to high RH (>95%) at various temperatures, infection occurred after 4 days at 10°C, after 3 days at 15°C and after 1 day at 20 and 25°C. Infection failed to occur at 30°C. Disease severity also increased with duration of the humid period. When leaves were examined microscopically, those that had been incubated for 6 days showed a substantially greater network of epiphytic growth with more stomatal penetrations compared to those incubated for 3 days. Infection was substantially reduced when the humid period was interrupted by alternating days of low RH (60%). Two-week-old leaves were 2.7 times more susceptible than 8-week-old leaves.

scholarly journals Consumer Grade Weather Stations for Wooden Structure Fire Risk Assessment

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 3244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torgrim Log
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Fire Risk ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Living Room ◽  
Weather Station ◽  
Fire Risk Assessment ◽  
Weather Stations ◽  
Dry Wood

During January 2014, Norway experienced unusually cold and dry weather conditions leading to very low indoor relative humidity (RH) in inhabited (heated) wooden homes. The resulting dry wood played an important role in the two most severe accidental fires in Norway recorded since 1923. The present work describes testing of low cost consumer grade weather stations for recording temperature and relative humidity as a proxy for dry wood structural fire risk assessment. Calibration of the weather stations relative humidity (RH) sensors was done in an atmosphere stabilized by water saturated LiCl, MgCl2 and NaCl solutions, i.e., in the range 11% RH to 75% RH. When calibrated, the weather station results were well within ±3% RH. During the winter 2015/2016 weather stations were placed in the living room in eight wooden buildings. A period of significantly increased fire risk was identified in January 2016. The results from the outdoor sensors compared favorably with the readings from a local meteorological station, and showed some interesting details, such as higher ambient relative humidity for a home close to a large and comparably warmer sea surface. It was also revealed that a forecast predicting low humidity content gave results close to the observed outdoor weather station data, at least for the first 48 h forecast.

The Impact of the New Hypertension Guidelines to Low-Dose Aspirin Prophylaxis Eligibility for the Prevention of Preeclampsia: A Cost-Benefit Analysis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manesha Putra ◽  
Madagedara Maduka Balasooriya ◽  
Alexander L. Boscia ◽  
Evrim Dalkiran ◽  
Robert J. Sokol
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
The United States ◽  
Dose Aspirin ◽  
Hypertension Guidelines ◽  
Low Dose Aspirin ◽  
New Guidelines ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Aspirin Prophylaxis

Abstract Objective American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) published new guidelines which lower the cut-off for hypertension. We sought to evaluate the impact of these guidelines to cost and benefit of various low-dose aspirin prophylaxis approaches. Study Design Decision tree analysis was created using R software to evaluate four approaches to aspirin prophylaxis in the United States: no aspirin, United States Preventive Service Task Force (USPSTF) with Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC7) hypertension guidelines, USPSTF with ACC/AHA hypertension guidelines, as well as universal aspirin prophylaxis. This model was executed to simulate a hypothetical cohort of 4 million pregnant women in the United States. Results The new guidelines would expand the aspirin eligibility by 8% (76,953 women) in the USPSTF guidelines. Even with this increased eligibility, the USPSTF guidelines continue to be the approach with the most cost savings ($386.5 million) when compared with universal aspirin and no aspirin prophylaxis. The new hypertension guidelines are projected to increase the cost savings of the USPSTF approach by $9.4 million. Conclusion Despite the small change in aspirin prophylaxis, using ACC/AHA definition of hypertension still results in an annual cost-saving of $9.4 million in the United States when compared with JNC7.

scholarly journals Effect of Weather on the Die-Off of Escherichia coli and Attenuated Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium on Preharvest Leafy Greens following Irrigation with Contaminated Water

2020 ◽  
Vol 86 (17) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra M. Belias ◽  
Adrian Sbodio ◽  
Pilar Truchado ◽  
Daniel Weller ◽  
Janneth Pinzon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Log Linear ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT The Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) includes a time-to-harvest interval following the application of noncompliant water to preharvest produce to allow for microbial die-off. However, additional scientific evidence is needed to support this rule. This study aimed to determine the impact of weather on the die-off rate of Escherichia coli and Salmonella on spinach and lettuce under field conditions. Standardized, replicated field trials were conducted in California, New York, and Spain over 2 years. Baby spinach and lettuce were grown and inoculated with an ∼104-CFU/ml cocktail of E. coli and attenuated Salmonella. Leaf samples were collected at 7 time points (0 to 96 h) following inoculation; E. coli and Salmonella were enumerated. The associations of die-off with study design factors (location, produce type, and bacteria) and weather were assessed using log-linear and biphasic segmented log-linear regression. A segmented log-linear model best fit die-off on inoculated leaves in most cases, with a greater variation in the segment 1 die-off rate across trials (−0.46 [95% confidence interval {95% CI}, −0.52, −0.41] to −6.99 [95% CI, −7.38, −6.59] log10 die-off/day) than in the segment 2 die-off rate (0.28 [95% CI, −0.20, 0.77] to −1.00 [95% CI, −1.16, −0.85] log10 die-off/day). A lower relative humidity was associated with a faster segment 1 die-off and an earlier breakpoint (the time when segment 1 die-off rate switches to the segment 2 rate). Relative humidity was also found to be associated with whether die-off would comply with FSMA’s specified die-off rate of −0.5 log10 die-off/day. IMPORTANCE The log-linear die-off rate proposed by FSMA is not always appropriate, as the die-off rates of foodborne bacterial pathogens and specified agricultural water quality indicator organisms appear to commonly follow a biphasic pattern with an initial rapid decline followed by a period of tailing. While we observed substantial variation in the net culturable population levels of Salmonella and E. coli at each time point, die-off rate and FSMA compliance (i.e., at least a 2 log10 die-off over 4 days) appear to be impacted by produce type, bacteria, and weather; die-off on lettuce tended to be faster than that on spinach, die-off of E. coli tended to be faster than that of attenuated Salmonella, and die-off tended to become faster as relative humidity decreased. Thus, the use of a single die-off rate for estimating time-to-harvest intervals across different weather conditions, produce types, and bacteria should be revised.

scholarly journals Impact Analysis of Airborn Pollution Due to Magnesium Slag Deposit and Climatic Changes Condition

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelena Djokic ◽  
Dusko Minic ◽  
Zeljko Kamberovic ◽  
Desimir Petkovic
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Dust Emission ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Climatic Changes ◽  
Average Wind Speed ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Average Wind ◽  
The Impact

Impact Analysis of Airborn Pollution Due to Magnesium Slag Deposit and Climatic Changes Condition The impact of airborne pollution by slag from magnesium production was analyzed under different climate conditions. The slag is characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy, differential thermal analysis and atomic absorption analysis. The dominant phase was the γ modification of dicalcium silicate (γ-2CaO SiO2) with significant amounts of perclas (MgO), gehlenite - 2CaO Al2O3 SiO2, akermanite - 2CaO MgO 2SiO2 and portlandite Ca(OH)2. The granulometric composition of the slag was within the range of 100 x 10-3÷0.090 x 10-3 m. Ad hoc measurements were performed on site in June at 300 and 600 m distance from the slag deposit, which showed high Total Suspended Particles (TSP) concentrations. Imputing the results of an experimental investigation of the dust emission for wind velocities of 5, 7, and 10 m/s and within the range of relative humidity from 10÷50% into SCREENVIEW software, the obtained values on the diagram showed good agreement with those of measurements on site. The simulation, that considered the landscape and wind increases over a 20 year period, showed that the dust concentration will be over the Maximum Allowable Concentration (MAC) up to 1400 m from the deposit, for an average wind speed of 3.0 m/s, a relative humidity of 37% and up to 4000 m under unstable weather conditions.

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