Comparison of the Impact of Global Climate Changes and Urbanization on Summertime Future Climate in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area

AbstractIn this study, the impact of global climate change and anticipated urbanization over the next 70 years is estimated with regard to the summertime local climate in the Tokyo metropolitan area (TMA), whose population is already near its peak now. First, five climate projections for the 2070s calculated with the aid of general circulation models (GCMs) are used for dynamical downscaling experiments to evaluate the impact of global climate changes using a regional climate model. Second, the sensitivity of future urbanization until the 2070s is examined assuming a simple developing urban scenario for the TMA. These two sensitivity analyses indicate that the increase in the surface air temperature from the 1990s to the 2070s is about 2.0°C as a result of global climate changes under the A1B scenario in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) and about 0.5°C as a result of urbanization. Considering the current urban heat island intensity (UHII) of 1.0°C, the possible UHII in the future reaches an average of 1.5°C in the TMA. This means that the mitigation of the UHII should be one of the ways to adapt to a local temperature increase caused by changes in the future global climate. In addition, the estimation of temperature increase due to global climate change has an uncertainty of about 2.0°C depending on the GCM projection, suggesting that the local climate should be projected on the basis of multiple GCM projections.

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The UN Agenda 2030 and the Climate-Security Nexus in Africa

Journal of Geography Politics and Society ◽

10.26881/jpgs.2021.2.04 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Daniel Silander

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Global Climate Change ◽

Climate Changes ◽

Global Climate ◽

Human Security ◽

Global Climate Changes ◽

Agenda 2030 ◽

Security Challenges ◽

Triggering Factor

There is a growing bulk of studies on global climate changes and conflicts. It has been argued that climate change may be a triggering factor to conflicts and wars, especially in societies with poor governance. This study explores the climate-security nexus in Africa. It is argued that the global climate change provides profound state and human security challenges to African governments and people. Scarcity of vital resources in food, water, sanitation and health has challenged political and economic structures, infrastructure and integration. This has also been due to poorly governed states with authoritarianism, corruption, ethnic divisions and fragile, dysfunctional institutions. The war in Darfur is a tragic, but illustrative example of the climate change-security nexus of our time.

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Spatial variations in soil properties across ecotones: a short review

Bulletin of Geography Physical Geography Series ◽

10.2478/bgeo-2018-0006 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 71-77 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Theodore Danso Marfo ◽

Klement Resjek ◽

Valerie Vranova

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Soil Properties ◽

Global Climate Change ◽

Climate Changes ◽

Global Climate ◽

Short Review ◽

Conservation Value ◽

Global Climate Changes ◽

High Conservation ◽

Decreasing Ph

Abstract Ecotones are considered as unique environments. The concepts of edge effect and ecotone species (flora and fauna) are widely used. Considering the fact that the majority of the species found in ecotones are usually at their physiologically determined limits of distribution, how they react to global climate changes becomes crucial. Ecotones are reputed to be more biologically diverse than areas close to them, and therefore possesses a high conservation value, yet little is known on how soil properties vary across ecotones. In this paper, we firstly highlighted the roles ecotones play in assessing the effect on global climate change, the mediatory role they play in the movement of material (water and nutrients) into and out of the region. Secondly, we reviewed studies on how soil properties change across ecotones and it is worthwhile to note that soil properties tend to differ across various ecotones (e.g. increasing pH and decreasing P & N across forest–glade ecotones, decreasing pH across ancient–recent forest ecotones) in a manner that defines the character of the ecotones existing.

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SI: Survivability under Overheating: The Impact of Regional and Global Climate Change on the Vulnerable and Low-Income Population

Climate ◽

10.3390/cli8110122 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (11) ◽

pp. 122

Author(s):

Afroditi Synnefa ◽

Shamila Haddad ◽

Priyadarsini Rajagopalan ◽

Mattheos Santamouris

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Global Climate Change ◽

Low Income ◽

Underserved Populations ◽

Global Climate ◽

Mitigation Strategies ◽

Local Climate ◽

Low Income Population ◽

Local Climate Change ◽

The Impact

The present special issue discusses three significant challenges of the built environment, namely regional and global climate change, vulnerability, and survivability under the changing climate. Synergies between local climate change, energy consumption of buildings and energy poverty, and health risks highlight the necessity to develop mitigation strategies to counterbalance overheating impacts. The studies presented here assess the underlying issues related to urban overheating. Further, the impacts of temperature extremes on the low-income population and increased morbidity and mortality have been discussed. The increasing intensity, duration, and frequency of heatwaves due to human-caused climate change is shown to affect underserved populations. Thus, housing policies on resident exposure to intra-urban heat have been assessed. Finally, opportunities to mitigate urban overheating have been proposed and discussed.

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Discussões sobre as mudanças climáticas globais: os alarmistas, os céticos e os modelos de previsão do clima

GeoTextos ◽

10.9771/1984-5537geo.v10i1.8773 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Francisco Ronnieplex De Moura Cruz ◽

Letícia Andrade da Silva ◽

Elisiene De Macêdo Pereira ◽

Rebecca Luna Lucena

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Global Climate Change ◽

Climate Changes ◽

Climate Models ◽

Global Climate ◽

Intergovernmental Panel ◽

Global Climate Changes ◽

The Earth ◽

Scientific Papers ◽

Forecast Models

Este ensaio traz à tona questões intrigantes e dúvidas que permeiam as pesquisas voltadas às mudanças climáticas globais, enfatizando as discordâncias existentes entre as distintas correntes de cientistas e os prognósticos elaborados pelos modelos de previsão do clima. Para tanto, tomou-se por base as teorias propagadas por alarmistas e céticos, bem como o prognóstico do Painel Intergovernamental sobre as Mudanças Climáticas (IPCC) de 2007. O ensaio se baseou na análise de livros, relatórios técnicos e artigos científicos, além da interpretação dos gráficos contidos nos mesmos. Os resultados mostraram que sempre houve variação na temperatura da atmosfera, mesmo antes do surgimento do homem e em níveis bem mais elevados do que os atuais. Contudo, alarmistas e céticos concordam que a Terra passou por um aquecimento de cerca de 0,6ºC no século XX, havendo divergência no que diz respeito às causas desse aquecimento, suas consequências, e se ele ainda está ocorrendo. Entretanto, um aspecto que põe em xeque a confiabilidade de ambas as correntes diz respeito ao problema da previsão, pois são muitos os fatores e elementos envolvidos na complexidade do sistema climático, tornando, assim, previsões climáticas exatas praticamente impossíveis, e deixando o debate, até o momento, no campo das suposições. Abstract DISCUSSIONS ABOUT GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGES: THE ALARMISTS, THE SKEPTICS AND CLIMATE FORECAST MODELS This paper aims to discuss difficult questions and doubts about researches regarding global climate change, showing discordances about what different scientific groups and the forecasts elaborated by forecasting climate models. Therefore, we take for basis the theories formulated by the two scientific groups: the alarmists and skeptics, and the prognostic showed by the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change (IPCC), 2007. This work was based in a research of books, technical documents and scientific papers, and the interpretation of graphs and data within these works. The results showed that oscillating temperatures always existed in the Earth’s atmosphere before human existence and the oscillation was larger than today. However, alarmists and skeptics believe that the earth atmosphere’s temperature elevated by approximated 0.6º C in the XX century, but there is a big divergence about the causes that rise and the consequences. Finally, an issue that questions the reliability of both groups, concerns the problem of forecast mainly because there are many factors and elements involved in the complexity of climate system thus making accurate climate predictions virtually impossible and leaving the debate so far, in the field of assumptions.

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Study of Climate Change Impact to Local Rainfall Distribution in Lampung Provinces

Forum Geografi ◽

10.23917/forgeo.v28i1.439 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 28 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Tumiar Katarina Manik ◽

Bustomi Rosadi ◽

Eva Nurhayati

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Global Warming ◽

Global Climate Change ◽

El Niño ◽

El Nino ◽

Global Climate ◽

Seasonal Pattern ◽

Rainfall Distribution ◽

Local Climate ◽

The Impact

Global warming which leads to climate change has potential affect to Indonesia agriculture activities and production. Analyzing rainfall pattern and distribution is important to investigate the impact of global climate change to local climate. This study using rainfall data from 1976-2010 from both lowland and upland area of Lampung Province. The results show that rainfall tends to decrease since the 1990s which related to the years with El Nino event. Monsoonal pattern- having rain and dry season- still excist in Lampung; however, since most rain fell below the average, it could not meet crops water need. Farmers conclude that dry seasons were longer and seasonal pattern has been changed. Global climate change might affect Lampung rainfall distribution through changes on sea surface temperature which could intensify the El Nino effect. Therefore, watching the El Nino phenomena and how global warming affects it, is important in predicting local climate especially the rainfall distribution in order to prevent significant loss in agriculture productivities.

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An Empirical Evidence of Global Warming and its impact on India’s Agricultural Production

Restaurant Business ◽

10.26643/rb.v118i10.9149 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 118 (10) ◽

pp. 107-116

Author(s):

Dr.P. Prema ◽

Ms.R. Kanchana

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Agricultural Production ◽

Climate Changes ◽

Agricultural Land ◽

Global Climate ◽

Large Country ◽

Climatic Zones ◽

Global Climate Changes ◽

Different Types ◽

The Impact

India is a large country with all types of climates and different kinds of soil requiring different types of farming. Most of the agricultural land in India is dependent on rainfall for irrigation. India has about 15 Agro-climatic zones with different types of farming methods and crops. As most of the population is dependent on agriculture and two-third of the country depend on monsoon rains to aid in agriculture, any change in frequency of the rains will affect these areas critically. Assessment of the effects of global climate changes on agriculture might help to properly anticipate and adapt farming to maximize agricultural production. At the same time agriculture has been shown significant effects on climate change, primarily through the production and release of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. The impact of climate change on agriculture could result in problems like food security and may threaten the livelihood on which much of the population depends.

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REVIEW : PENGARUH PEMANASAN GLOBAL TERHADAP INTENSITAS SERANGAN KUTU KEBUL (Bemisia tabbaci Genn ) DAN CARA PENGENDALIANNYA PADA TANAMAN KEDELAI

BUANA SAINS ◽

10.33366/bs.v20i1.1935 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 99-110

Author(s):

I Made Indra Agastya ◽

Reza Prakoso Dwi Julianto ◽

Marwoto Marwoto

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Global Warming ◽

Global Climate Change ◽

Agricultural Development ◽

Global Climate ◽

Metabolic System ◽

Local Climate ◽

Climate Conditions ◽

Soybean Pest ◽

The Impact

Global warming has changed global, regional and local climate conditions. Global climate change is caused, among others, by the increase in greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) due to various activities that drive the increase in the earth's temperature. Given that climate is a key element in the metabolic system, plant physiology and crop ecosystems, global climate change will adversely affect the sustainability of agricultural development. The impact of global climate change is the increasing population of pests on agricultural crops. One of the soybean pests whose population is increasing due to the increase in air temperature is the Bemisia tabbaci infestation. Increased pest populations of Bemesia tabbaci infestation in soybean crops cause dwarf leaves of dwarf plants and threatens to increase soybean production. Efforts to overcome the impact of global warming is mainly due to increased pest populations, it is necessary to think and seek breakthroughs to anticipate the explosion of pest populations in soybean crops, among others by: the optimization of natural control, physical and mechanical control and cultivation techniques. The combination of techniques or tactics of the optimal component of soybean pest control technology is established on the basis of appropriate information knowledge about soybean pest, ecosystem and socio-economic based on IPM approach.

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The impact of the global climate changes and the pollination

10.1603/ice.2016.92412 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Vera Lúcia Imperatriz Fonseca

Keyword(s):

Climate Changes ◽

Global Climate ◽

Global Climate Changes ◽

The Impact

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Response of altitudinal vegetation belts of the Tianshan Mountains in northwestern China to climate change during 1989–2015

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-84399-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yong Zhang ◽

Lu-yu Liu ◽

Yi Liu ◽

Man Zhang ◽

Cheng-bang An

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Global Climate Change ◽

Global Climate ◽

Animal Husbandry ◽

Forest Tree ◽

Tianshan Mountains ◽

Northwestern China ◽

Temperature And Precipitation ◽

Altitudinal Belts ◽

The Impact

AbstractWithin the mountain altitudinal vegetation belts, the shift of forest tree lines and subalpine steppe belts to high altitudes constitutes an obvious response to global climate change. However, whether or not similar changes occur in steppe belts (low altitude) and nival belts in different areas within mountain systems remain undetermined. It is also unknown if these, responses to climate change are consistent. Here, using Landsat remote sensing images from 1989 to 2015, we obtained the spatial distribution of altitudinal vegetation belts in different periods of the Tianshan Mountains in Northwestern China. We suggest that the responses from different altitudinal vegetation belts to global climate change are different. The changes in the vegetation belts at low altitudes are spatially different. In high-altitude regions (higher than the forest belts), however, the trend of different altitudinal belts is consistent. Specifically, we focused on analyses of the impact of changes in temperature and precipitation on the nival belts, desert steppe belts, and montane steppe belts. The results demonstrated that the temperature in the study area exhibited an increasing trend, and is the main factor of altitudinal vegetation belts change in the Tianshan Mountains. In the context of a significant increase in temperature, the upper limit of the montane steppe in the eastern and central parts will shift to lower altitudes, which may limit the development of local animal husbandry. The montane steppe in the west, however, exhibits the opposite trend, which may augment the carrying capacity of pastures and promote the development of local animal husbandry. The lower limit of the nival belt will further increase in all studied areas, which may lead to an increase in surface runoff in the central and western regions.

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Dynamic Downscaling of the Impact of Climate Change on the Ocean Circulation in the Galápagos Archipelago

Advances in Meteorology ◽

10.1155/2013/837432 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-18 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Yanyun Liu ◽

Lian Xie ◽

John M. Morrison ◽

Daniel Kamykowski

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Ocean Circulation ◽

Global Climate Change ◽

Climate Model ◽

Global Climate ◽

Ocean Model ◽

Reanalysis Dataset ◽

Equatorial Undercurrent ◽

Galapagos Archipelago ◽

The Impact

The regional impact of global climate change on the ocean circulation around the Galápagos Archipelago is studied using the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) configured for a four-level nested domain system. The modeling system is validated and calibrated using daily atmospheric forcing derived from the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis dataset from 1951 to 2007. The potential impact of future anthropogenic global warming (AGW) in the Galápagos region is examined using the calibrated HYCOM with forcing derived from the IPCC-AR4 climate model. Results show that although the oceanic variability in the entire Galápagos region is significantly affected by global climate change, the degree of such effects is inhomogeneous across the region. The upwelling region to the west of the Isabella Island shows relatively slower warming trends compared to the eastern Galápagos region. Diagnostic analysis suggests that the variability in the western Galápagos upwelling region is affected mainly by equatorial undercurrent (EUC) and Panama currents, while the central/east Galápagos is predominantly affected by both Peru and EUC currents. The inhomogeneous responses in different regions of the Galápagos Archipelago to future AGW can be explained by the incoherent changes of the various current systems in the Galápagos region as a result of global climate change.

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