scholarly journals Soil Moisture Droughts under the Retrospective and Projected Climate in India*

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 2267-2292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vimal Mishra ◽  
Reepal Shah ◽  
Bridget Thrasher
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Areal Extent ◽  
Gangetic Plain ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Ensemble Mean ◽  
Projected Changes ◽  
Sowing Period

Abstract Changes in precipitation, air temperature, and model-simulated soil moisture were examined for the observed (1950–2008) and projected (2010–99) climate for the sowing period of Kharif and Rabi [KHARIF_SOW (May–July) and RABI_SOW (October–December)] and the entire Kharif and Rabi [KHARIF (May–October) and RABI (October–April)] crop-growing periods in India. During the KHARIF_SOW and KHARIF periods, precipitation declined significantly in the Gangetic Plain, which in turn resulted in declines in soil moisture. Statistically significant warming trends were noticed as all-India-averaged air temperature increased by 0.40°, 0.90°, and 0.70°C in the KHARIF, RABI_SOW, and RABI periods, respectively, during 1950–2008. Frequency and areal extent of soil moisture–based droughts increased substantially during the latter half (1980–2008) of the observed period. Under the projected climate (2010–99), precipitation, air temperature, and soil moisture are projected to increase in all four crop-growing seasons. In the projected climate, all-India ensemble mean precipitation, air temperature, and soil moisture are projected to increase up to 39% (RABI_SOW period), 2.3°C, and 5.3%, respectively, in the crop-growing periods. While projected changes in air temperature are robust across India, robust increases in precipitation and soil moisture are projected to occur in the end-term (2070–99) climate. Frequency and areal extents of soil moisture–based severe, extreme, and exceptional droughts are projected to increase in the near- (2010–39) and midterm (2040–69) climate in the majority of crop-growing seasons in India. However, frequency and areal extent of droughts during the crop-growing period are projected to decline in the end-term climate in the entire crop-growing period because of projected increases in the monsoon season precipitation.

scholarly journals Microclimatic changes caused by different plastic coverings in greenhouses cultivated with cherry tomato in southern Brazil

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-133
Author(s):  
Ester Holcman ◽  
Paulo C. Sentelhas ◽  
Simone da C. Mello
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Plastic Film ◽  
Cherry Tomato ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
External Conditions ◽  
Intense Solar Radiation

In regions with intense solar radiation it is common the use of aluminated covers in greenhouses, with the aim of reducing the inside temperature. However, the use of these covers reduces photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) transmitted into the greenhouse. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of different covers on microclimate in greenhouses cultivated with cherry tomato during three growing seasons. The environment I was covered with plastic film anti-UV and with thermo-reflective screen (40%) disposed internally. The environment II was covered with diffusive plastic film (55%). The transmitted solar radiation to the interior of covered environments was, on average, 5.5 MJ m-2 day-1 in the environment I and 8.2 MJ m-2 day-1 in environment II. The air temperature in environment II was, on average, 1°C higher than external conditions. The highest difference for the relative humidity (RH) was also observed between environment II and the outside conditions, with 10.7% for the minimum RH during the first growing period. Considering all growing periods, the diffusive plastic film provided higher solar energy availability inside the greenhouse than the plastic film with thermo-reflective screen, without causing major changes in air temperature and relative humidity, and promoting greater productivity of tomato grown under this environment for the three periods evaluated.

scholarly journals Modulation of summer monsoon sub-seasonal surface air temperature over India by soil moisture-temperature coupling

MAUSAM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-66
Author(s):  
M. V. S. RAMARAO ◽  
J. SANJAY ◽  
R. KRISHNAN
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Summer Monsoon ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Monsoon Precipitation ◽  
Summer Monsoon Season ◽  
Weather And Climate ◽  
Dry Soil

The influence of soil moisture on the sub-seasonal warmer surface air temperature anomalies during drier soil conditions associated with break spells in the Indian summer monsoon precipitation is explored using observations.  The multi-model analysis of land surface states and fluxes available from the Second Global Soil Wetness Project (GSWP-2) are found useful in understanding the mechanism for this soil moisture-temperature coupling on sub-seasonal timescales. The analysis uses a soil moisture-temperature coupling diagnostic computed based on linear correlations of daily fields. It is shown that the summer surface air temperature variations are linked to intraseasonal variations of the Indian monsoon precipitation, which control the land-climate coupling by modulating the soil moisture variations. Strong coupling mainly occurs during dry soil states within the summer monsoon season over the transition zones between wet and dry climates of central to north-west India. In contrast, the coupling is weak for constantly wet and energy-limited evaporative regimes over eastern India during the entire summer monsoon season. This observational based analysis provided a better understanding of the linkages between the sub-seasonal dry soil states and warm conditions during the Indian summer monsoon season. A proper representation of these aspects of land-atmosphere interactions in weather and climate models used for sub-seasonal and seasonal monsoon forecasting could be critical for several applications, in particular agriculture. The soil moisture-temperature coupling diagnostic used in this study will be a useful metric for evaluating the performance of weather and climate models.

Environmental Effects on Absorption and Translocation of 2,4,5-T in Winged Elm

Weed Science ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gene D. Wills ◽  
Eddie Basler
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Liquid Scintillation ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Scintillation Counting ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Ulmus Alata

The absorption and translocation of foliarly applied14C-labeled (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4,5-T-1-14C) in winged elms (Ulmus alataMichx.) as affected by season of application, air temperature, and soil moisture were determined by autoradiography of bark samples and liquid scintillation counting of leaf tissue. Treatments at 3-week intervals throughout the growing season showed highly variable trends in absorption and translocation within and between growing seasons. Seasonal variations in the absorption of14C-2,4,5-T were similar to the variations in translocation. Translocation into the stem closely correlated with absorption into the leaves. Higher daily temperatures of 24 to 40 C appeared to enhance absorption and translocation. Variations in soil moisture showed little effect on absorption; whereas, a decrease in soil moisture reduced translocation from leaves to roots.

scholarly journals Short-to-medium range hydrologic forecast to manage water and agricultural resources in India

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reepal Shah ◽  
Atul Kumar Sahai ◽  
Vimal Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Tropical Meteorology ◽  
Forecast System ◽  
Temperature Forecast ◽  
Ensemble Mean ◽  
Medium Range ◽  
Prediction Systems ◽  
Hydrologic Forecast

Abstract. Water resources and agriculture are often affected by the weather anomalies in India resulting in a disproportionate damage. While short to medium range prediction systems and forecast products are available, a skilful hydrologic forecast of runoff and root-zone soil moisture that can provide timely information has been lacking in India. Using precipitation and air temperature forecasts from the Climate Forecast System v2 (CFSv2), Global Ensemble Forecast System (GEFSv2) and four products from Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), here we show that the IITM ensemble mean (mean of all four products from IITM) can be used operationally to provide hydrologic forecast in India at 7–45 days lead time. The IITM ensemble mean forecast was further improved using bias correction for precipitation and air temperature. Forecast based on the IITM-ensemble mean showed better skill in majority of India for all the lead times (7–45 days) in comparison to the other forecast products. Moreover, the VIC simulated forecast of runoff and soil moisture successfully captured the observed anomalies during the severe droughts years. The findings reported herein have strong implications for providing timely information that can help farmers and water managers in decision making in India.

scholarly journals Short to sub-seasonal hydrologic forecast to manage water and agricultural resources in India

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 707-720 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reepal Shah ◽  
Atul Kumar Sahai ◽  
Vimal Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Tropical Meteorology ◽  
Precipitation Forecast ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Forecast System ◽  
Infiltration Capacity ◽  
Ensemble Mean ◽  
Hydrologic Forecast

Abstract. Water resources and agriculture are often affected by the weather anomalies in India resulting in disproportionate damage. While short to sub-seasonal prediction systems and forecast products are available, a skilful hydrologic forecast of runoff and root-zone soil moisture that can provide timely information has been lacking in India. Using precipitation and air temperature forecasts from the Climate Forecast System v2 (CFSv2), the Global Ensemble Forecast System (GEFSv2) and four products from the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), here we show that the IITM ensemble mean (mean of all four products from the IITM) can be used operationally to provide a hydrologic forecast in India at a 7–45-day accumulation period. The IITM ensemble mean forecast was further improved using bias correction for precipitation and air temperature. Bias corrected precipitation forecast showed an improvement of 2.1 mm (on the all-India median mean absolute error – MAE), while all-India median bias corrected temperature forecast was improved by 2.1 °C for a 45-day accumulation period. Moreover, the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model simulated forecast of runoff and soil moisture successfully captured the observed anomalies during the severe drought years. The findings reported herein have strong implications for providing timely information that can help farmers and water managers in decision making in India.

Projected changes in air temperature, precipitation and aridity in Serbia in the 21 st century

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boško Milovanović ◽  
Sebastian Schubert ◽  
Milan Radovanović ◽  
Vesna Ristić Vakanjac ◽  
Christoph Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Projected Changes

scholarly journals Anthropogenic warming and intraseasonal summer monsoon variability amplify the risk of future flash droughts in India

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vimal Mishra ◽  
Saran Aadhar ◽  
Shanti Shwarup Mahto
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Summer Monsoon ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Monsoon Rainfall ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Intraseasonal Variability ◽  
Positive Temperature ◽  
Groundwater Abstraction ◽  
Increased Risk

AbstractFlash droughts cause rapid depletion in root-zone soil moisture and severely affect crop health and irrigation water demands. However, their occurrence and impacts in the current and future climate in India remain unknown. Here we use observations and model simulations from the large ensemble of Community Earth System Model to quantify the risk of flash droughts in India. Root-zone soil moisture simulations conducted using Variable Infiltration Capacity model show that flash droughts predominantly occur during the summer monsoon season (June–September) and driven by the intraseasonal variability of monsoon rainfall. Positive temperature anomalies during the monsoon break rapidly deplete soil moisture, which is further exacerbated by the land-atmospheric feedback. The worst flash drought in the observed (1951–2016) climate occurred in 1979, affecting more than 40% of the country. The frequency of concurrent hot and dry extremes is projected to rise by about five-fold, causing approximately seven-fold increase in flash droughts like 1979 by the end of the 21st century. The increased risk of flash droughts in the future is attributed to intraseasonal variability of the summer monsoon rainfall and anthropogenic warming, which can have deleterious implications for crop production, irrigation demands, and groundwater abstraction in India.

On the frequency of the 2015 monsoon season drought in the Indo-Gangetic Plain

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (23) ◽  
pp. 12,102-12,112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vimal Mishra ◽  
Saran Aadhar ◽  
Akarsh Asoka ◽  
Sivananda Pai ◽  
Rohini Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Gangetic Plain ◽  
Indo Gangetic Plain

scholarly journals Modification and Validation of Priestley–Taylor Model for Estimating Cotton Evapotranspiration under Plastic Mulch Condition

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1281-1293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhipin Ai ◽  
Yonghui Yang
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Soil Heat Flux ◽  
Taylor Model ◽  
Taylor Coefficient ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Modified Model ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Balance Analysis ◽  
Evapotranspiration Estimation

Abstract Compared with more comprehensive physical algorithms such as the Penman–Monteith model, the Priestley–Taylor model is widely used in estimating evapotranspiration for its robust ability to capture evapotranspiration and simplicity of use. The key point in successfully using the Priestley–Taylor model is to find a proper Priestley–Taylor coefficient, which is variable under different environmental conditions. Based on evapotranspiration partition and plant physiological limitation, this study developed a new model for estimating the Priestley–Taylor coefficient incorporating the effects of three easily obtainable parameters such as leaf area index (LAI), air temperature, and mulch fraction. Meanwhile, the effects of plastic film on the estimation of net radiation and soil heat flux were fully considered. The reliability of the modified Priestley–Taylor model was testified using observed cotton evapotranspiration from eddy covariance in two growing seasons, with high coefficients of determination of 0.86 and 0.81 in 2013 and 2014, respectively. Then, the modified model was further validated by estimating cotton evapotranspiration under three fractions of mulch cover: 0%, 60%, and 100%. The estimated values agreed well with the measured values via water balance analysis. It can be found that seasonal variation of the modified Priestley–Taylor coefficient showed a more reasonable pattern compared with the original coefficient of 1.26. Sensitivity analysis showed that the modified Priestley–Taylor coefficient was more sensitive to LAI than to air temperature. Overall, the modified model has much higher accuracy and could be used for evapotranspiration estimation under plastic mulch condition.

scholarly journals Evaluation and Comparison of Noah and Pleim–Xiu Land Surface Models in MM5 Using GÖTE2001 Data: Spatial and Temporal Variations in Near-Surface Air Temperature

2007 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 1587-1605 ◽  
Author(s):  
J-F. Miao ◽  
D. Chen ◽  
K. Borne
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Surface Models ◽  
Urban Heat ◽  
Soil Moisture Initialization ◽  
Evident Difference

Abstract In this study, the performance of two advanced land surface models (LSMs; Noah LSM and Pleim–Xiu LSM) coupled with the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5), version 3.7.2, in simulating the near-surface air temperature in the greater Göteborg area in Sweden is evaluated and compared using the GÖTE2001 field campaign data. Further, the effects of different planetary boundary layer schemes [Eta and Medium-Range Forecast (MRF) PBLs] for Noah LSM and soil moisture initialization approaches for Pleim–Xiu LSM are investigated. The investigation focuses on the evaluation and comparison of diurnal cycle intensity and maximum and minimum temperatures, as well as the urban heat island during the daytime and nighttime under the clear-sky and cloudy/rainy weather conditions for different experimental schemes. The results indicate that 1) there is an evident difference between Noah LSM and Pleim–Xiu LSM in simulating the near-surface air temperature, especially in the modeled urban heat island; 2) there is no evident difference in the model performance between the Eta PBL and MRF PBL coupled with the Noah LSM; and 3) soil moisture initialization is of crucial importance for model performance in the Pleim–Xiu LSM. In addition, owing to the recent release of MM5, version 3.7.3, some experiments done with version 3.7.2 were repeated to reveal the effects of the modifications in the Noah LSM and Pleim–Xiu LSM. The modification to longwave radiation parameterizations in Noah LSM significantly improves model performance while the adjustment of emissivity, one of the vegetation properties, affects Pleim–Xiu LSM performance to a larger extent. The study suggests that improvements both in Noah LSM physics and in Pleim–Xiu LSM initialization of soil moisture and parameterization of vegetation properties are important.

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