scholarly journals The Impact of Drug Trafficking on Informal Security Actors in Kenya

2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 55-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moritz Schuberth

The Kenyan state is currently under pressure from two sides: First, numerous non-state armed groups have taken over the provision of security in areas where the state is practically absent. Second, drug-trafficking organizations are gaining ground as the country is increasingly being used as a major transit hub for narcotics. This article investigates the relationship between drug trafficking and informal security provision in Kenya and draws analogies from comparable experiences in Latin America and West Africa. Field research in Kenya has demonstrated that profit-oriented, informal security actors in Mombasa work for drug lords, while their counterparts in Nairobi are more likely to be hired by politicians. Moreover, faith-based vigilante groups in both cities appear to be less susceptible to external manipulation by drug traffickers. The article concludes by considering the potential consequences of an expansion of the drug trade in Kenya.

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 19-32
Author(s):  
Richard Rousseau

Africa is a pivotal continent for international drug traffickers and criminal organizations. According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) estimates, approximately 40 to 50 tons of cocaine destined for the European market passes through the African continent each year.1 The illicit profits from such activities amount to at least 1.8 billion dollars, but it could be much larger according to some estimates. Such profits provide drug traffickers with the financial means to destabilize already weak governmental structures and law enforcement institutions in various African countries. This massive profits fuel a trade that has far reaching consequences for Africa and the destination countries for these illegal drugs. What is the impact of the illicit drug trade on Africa?


1992 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry H. Brownstein ◽  
Hari R. Shiledar Baxi ◽  
Paul J. Goldstein ◽  
Patrick J. Ryan

1998 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Kalunta-Crumpton

The relationship between the prosecution and black 1 people has nowhere received a specific or full notice as far as analysis is concerned. On the basis of detailed observations of drug trafficking trials at a London Crown Court, this paper reveals the prosecution of cases concerning black defendants. In doing so, it demonstrates how drug trafficking cases were socially constructed through the process of claimsmaking, a rhetorical activity that entails the use of language to present and fathom claims effectively in order to persuade. The prosecution described the defendants alleged involvement in drug trafficking as a profit making venture and within the process of claims-making constructed a relationship between drug trafficking and socio-economic deprivation. Subtly, racial imageries of crime and deprivation appeared to be represented in the prosecution discourse as evidence of drug trafficking. It is concluded that the defendants faced a higher likelihood of being officially classed as drug traffickers.


Author(s):  
Иван Владимирович Севастьянов

Статья посвящена анализу особенностей традиции гостеприимства у кряшен, самобытного этноконфессионального сообщества, характеризующегося сочетанием татароязычия и православного вероисповедания. Изыскания автора основываются как на письменных источниках, так и на оригинальных полевых материалах, касающихся преимущественно двух этнографических групп кряшенского населения Республики Татарстан, молькеевской и заказанской, каждая из которых обладает собственной этнокультурной спецификой. Этнографический материал, анализируемый в статье, относится к хронологическому отрезку от рубежа к. XIX – нач. XX вв. до настоящего дня. Ставится задача, во-первых, исследовать проявления гостеприимства в конкретной этнической среде в его функциональных разновидностях; во-вторых, проследить трансформацию этого обычая в условиях современности. Показана саморефлексия автора-исследователя по поводу проблемы взаимовлияния объекта и субъекта изучения (этнографического наблюдения) и роль субъективности в научном постижении иной этнической культуры. Отношения диалога между исследователем и информантом рассматриваются как значимый приоритетный аналитический подход. В этой связи на примере опыта полевой работы в среде кряшенского населения Республики Татарстан выявляется воздействие, которое традиция гостеприимства в ее современном бытовании оказала на полевые исследования ученых-этнологов. Важнейшим ресурсом в процессе работы, по мнению автора, оказались взаимная расположенность и доверие, во многом базирующиеся на обычае гостеприимства. The article is devoted to the analysis of the tradition of hospitality among the Kryashens, an authentic ethno-confessional community, characterized by a combination of the Tatar-speaking and Orthodox faith. The research is based on both written sources and original field materials concerning mainly two ethnographic groups of the Kryashen population of the Republic of Tatarstan – Molkeevskaya and Zakazan, each of them having its own ethno-cultural specificity. The ethnographic material analyzed in the article refers to the period from the turn of the XIX – early XX centuries to the present day. The task is, firstly, to study the manifestations of hospitality in a specific ethnic environment in its functional varieties; secondly, to trace the transformation of this custom in modern conditions. The self-reflection of the author-researcher on the problem of the mutual influence of the object and the subject of study (ethnographic observation), the role of subjectivity in the scientific comprehension of another ethnic culture is shown. Understanding the relationship of the dialogue between the researcher and the informant is considered as a significant analytical approach. In this regard, the experience of fieldwork among the Kryashen population of the Republic of Tatarstan reveals the impact that the tradition of hospitality in its contemporary form had on the field research of ethnologists. Mutual disposition and trust, largely based on the custom of hospitality, turned out to be the most important resource in the process of an ethnological study.


Subject The impact of organised crime on the mining sector. Significance Canada-based McEwen Mining said on May 11 that it was on track to meet annual production targets despite last month's theft of 900 kilos of gold concentrate from its El Gallo mine in Mexico. On April 6, eight heavily armed robbers burst into the mine in Sinaloa state and walked away with concentrate containing gold worth 8.5 million dollars -- equivalent to two-fifths of the mine's quarterly production. Suspicion inevitably fell on the local Sinaloa cartel. Company CEO Rob McEwen seemed to acknowledge that up to that point the mining company had cooperated with the cartel, putting the question of the relationship between mining companies and drug traffickers back on the table. Impacts Greater fragmentation of Mexican cartels will lead to increasing criminal targeting of mining businesses. Following the general pattern of insecurity, companies operating in Michoacan and Guerrero are most at risk. The April heist at the El Gallo mine suggests that more independent gangs are also now operating in Sinaloa. Mining company experiments with supporting self-defence organisations seem to have failed.


2018 ◽  
Vol 676 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriella E. Sanchez ◽  
Sheldon X. Zhang

The violence afflicting the Mexican migration corridor has often been explained as resulting from the brutal takeover of migrant smuggling markets by organized crime, specifically Mexican drug trafficking organizations (DTOs). Through the testimonies of twenty-eight migrants who traveled with smuggling facilitators on their journeys into the United States and who interacted with drug traffickers during their transit, we argue that the metamorphosis taking place may be even more radical, involving the proliferation of actors with little or no criminal intent to operate along the migration trails. Far from market coalescence, the increasing flattening of criminal markets along the migration trail and the proliferation of individuals struggling to survive is the result of increasingly limited paths toward mobility and is not attributable to feared cartels or traficantes alone. The interactions among clandestine actors are not only likely to become more common but also to reflect flexibility and adaptation that hierarchical DTOs cannot explain.


Author(s):  
Kenny Yang

Singapore is well known for its harsh stance against drug traffickers, with drug trafficking carrying some of the most severe penalties available in law. This includes the mandatory death penalty where the weight of the drug exceeds a statutory threshold. The act of trafficking is also broadly defined in the Misuse of Drugs Act 1973 and can encompass a wide range of activities. In a series of authoritative decisions since 1994, this has also included the act of safekeeping drugs for another. However, the Singapore Court of Appeal revisited this definition in the recent decision of Ramesh a/l Perumal v Public Prosecutor [2019] 1 SLR 1003, finding that the act of safekeeping drugs does not fall under the definition of “trafficking.” As this paper argues, this new definition is an attempt by the Court of Appeal to better delineate the varying roles and culpability of those involved in the drug trade, but will have future implications for drug prosecutions and enforcement.


Author(s):  
Wahyu Abdul Jafar ◽  
Iim Fahimah

This study explains in detail the relationship pattern of a good husband and wife relationship to realize a sakinah mawadah and warohmah family in the nahdatul ulama community. This research is a field research. The researcher uses two techniques in gathering research data, namely: Interviews and documentation. The data analysis technique used in this study is a qualitative analysis using a flow model of analysis. After an in-depth study, a conclusion was found that to realize the sakinah mawadah warohmah family must be understand that the spirit or spirit of marriage is devotion to the creator who will be asked to answer in the hereafter. The impact of this understanding is that the Nahdiyyin community becomes more enthusiastic when carrying out their duties as a husband or as a wife. They now believe the better and more perfect in carrying out their duties to be husband or wife, the more the rewards will be obtained in the hereafter. Besides, they believe that if they do not get their rights after they carry out their duties as husband or wife, they are not hurt and become more patient. This happens, because now they understand that the reward or reward from marriage is not from a spouse, but the creator.  Marriage for them only becomes a means of attaining divine blessing.


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