Claims-Making and the Prosecution of Black Defendants in Drug Trafficking Trials: the Influence of Deprivation

1998 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Kalunta-Crumpton

The relationship between the prosecution and black 1 people has nowhere received a specific or full notice as far as analysis is concerned. On the basis of detailed observations of drug trafficking trials at a London Crown Court, this paper reveals the prosecution of cases concerning black defendants. In doing so, it demonstrates how drug trafficking cases were socially constructed through the process of claimsmaking, a rhetorical activity that entails the use of language to present and fathom claims effectively in order to persuade. The prosecution described the defendants alleged involvement in drug trafficking as a profit making venture and within the process of claims-making constructed a relationship between drug trafficking and socio-economic deprivation. Subtly, racial imageries of crime and deprivation appeared to be represented in the prosecution discourse as evidence of drug trafficking. It is concluded that the defendants faced a higher likelihood of being officially classed as drug traffickers.

1992 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry H. Brownstein ◽  
Hari R. Shiledar Baxi ◽  
Paul J. Goldstein ◽  
Patrick J. Ryan

2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 55-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moritz Schuberth

The Kenyan state is currently under pressure from two sides: First, numerous non-state armed groups have taken over the provision of security in areas where the state is practically absent. Second, drug-trafficking organizations are gaining ground as the country is increasingly being used as a major transit hub for narcotics. This article investigates the relationship between drug trafficking and informal security provision in Kenya and draws analogies from comparable experiences in Latin America and West Africa. Field research in Kenya has demonstrated that profit-oriented, informal security actors in Mombasa work for drug lords, while their counterparts in Nairobi are more likely to be hired by politicians. Moreover, faith-based vigilante groups in both cities appear to be less susceptible to external manipulation by drug traffickers. The article concludes by considering the potential consequences of an expansion of the drug trade in Kenya.


2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Salawati Mat Basir ◽  
Mohammad Naji Shah Mohammadi ◽  
Elmira Sobatian

<p>The main objective of Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) is economic development in its region but directly unproductive profit seeking activities such as drug trafficking is the prominent barrier to reach this goal. All members spend lots of money to fight against drug trafficking, as all of them suffer from drug addiction and drug related problems. The first step to cope with this problem is to identify the factors and incentives that make this region vulnerable for drug trafficking activities and to unearth what makes this region a haven for drug traffickers. A bulk of literature supports the concept that organized criminal organizations are not able to operate when there are not any forms of corruption since they are strongly interrelated. In this paper, we analyze the link between drug trafficking and corruption in ECO region in order to develop ECO strategies to hamper and interrupt these transnational crimes. Corruption has posed major challenges to the efforts taken to control drug and also has seriously damaged the ECO members’ image in international community. One of the practical solutions is the responsibility of ECO organization in implementing rule of law in the region. Undoubtedly, fighting against corruption in ECO region is a joint responsibility of international and intercontinental community and this responsibility requires collective action and cooperation among countries in the region.</p>


2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (01) ◽  
pp. 27-46
Author(s):  
Ade Priangani ◽  
Kunkunrat Kunkunrat ◽  
Silvia Nurindah

Indonesia and Malaysia have close ties especially in their land borders, making it easier to access buying and selling that occurs between communities on the border. Especially in trade to drug trafficking that occurs in border areas such as the Entikong-Sarawak region. Purchase until delivery of drugs. The circulation of drugs that enter from Malaysia is not only from the waters border, but also from land to air lines. In addition, drug traffickers not only pass through the official flight routes and ports, but drug traffickers entering from Malaysia can also take advantage of unofficial lanes on the land and water borders between Indonesia and Malaysia which have minimal security. The research of this study is to find out, explore and describe the cooperation carried out by the governments of Indonesia and Malaysia in dealing with drug trafficking on the border, especially on the Entikong and Sarawak borders, where the drug smuggling is most often deposited by couriers or which is directly taken by the dealer. By changing the form of drug packaging into a form or stored in another place, which can trick the officers at immigration. This research is expected to be useful to increase the repertoire of the development of international relations science. Furthermore, practically, this research is expected to be useful and useful for decision makers, especially the central and regional governments of the two countries, in addressing drug trafficking and trafficking that occurs on the borders of the two countries, because it will threaten the lives of the two generations. The results of this study are with the cooperation of the two governments which are always discussed in once a year in the General Border Committee forum and cooperation between the institutions of the two countries such as the National Narcotics Agency, Customs, Police and PDRM are expected to help eradicate and reduce circulation and Drug sales that occur in the border areas of the two countries, both in the sea, air, and land. There were successes after Indonesia and Malaysia collaborated in combating drug trafficking as in 2014, Kuching PDRM succeeded in capturing two Indonesian Police officers related to drugs, which in this matter coordinated the POLRI through the West Kalimantan Regional Police with Malaysian PDRM. The collaboration between Indonesia and Malaysia is considered important because the location of the two countries is very close. As well as the two countries have a long coastline, this has the potential to serve as one of the entry points for drug smuggling. Although various prevention efforts have been carried out in the eradication of drugs by the two countries by involving various parties, there are still many obstacles that become obstacles in cooperation between the two countries to be able to minimize the level of drug trafficking and trafficking that occurs in border lanes, whether it's official or unofficial border lines.


2008 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison Hope Alkon ◽  
Michael Traugot

This article investigates the relationship between environmental policy and the social construction of place in two neighboring California counties. We examine two counties with dramatic geographic and sociodemographic differences that drew on similar place narratives in order to justify collaborative solutions to agricultural–environmental conflicts. Each narrative trumpets the importance of agriculture to each county's place character and praises the ability of well–intentioned county residents to work together. Our cases illuminate two processes through which place is socially constructed with regard to extralocal factors: place comparison allows residents to highlight potential risks by contrasting their own places with others while place meta–narratives allow actors to draw on culturally available notions of types of places. We conclude by discussing the relationship between place narratives and other factors that can affect policy choice, and therefore, shape the landscape itself.


2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Hawkes ◽  
Kent Buse

Abstract Both gender and the law are significant determinants of health and well-being. Here, we put forward evidence to unpack the relationship between gender and outcomes in health and well-being, and explore how legal determinants interact and intersect with gender norms to amplify or reduce health inequities across populations. The paper explores the similarities between legal and health systems in their response to gender—both systems portray gender neutrality but would be better described as gender-blind. We conclude with a set of recommendations to address both law and gender in implementing the work of the Lancet Commission on the legal determinants of health to improve health outcomes for all, irrespective of gender.


2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 827-844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick Desroches

This article examines research on upper level drug traffickers in the U.S., the UK, Canada, and the Netherlands. Included is an analysis and critique of typologies of drug traffickers and theoretical models of organized crime as they apply to upper level drug networks. Studies of higher level drug trafficking indicate that drug markets represent informal and loosely organized associations of relatively small syndicates or crews of independent drug entrepreneurs. They compete for market share and deal primarily or exclusively with trusted associates chosen from ethnic, kinship, and friendship networks. Most dealers are highly cautious, eschew the use of violence, typically make huge profits, attempt to maintain a low profile, rationalize their conduct as business activity, and operate within geographically niche markets.


2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Burak Kadercan

The relationship between the political and socially constructed nature of territory (or, territories’ ‘constitutive properties’) and international politics has recently attracted substantial attention from scholars hailing from political science as well as political geography and critical international relations. The conversations across these scholarly traditions, however, leave a lot to be desired. The question then becomes, how can we, if at all, facilitate further interaction and cross-fertilization across seemingly disparate literatures? This study proposes a strategy of ‘pragmatic interaction’, which entails three steps: (i) establishing a simple conceptual framework that would be both recognizable and agreeable to scholars hailing from different perspectives; (ii) emphasizing a number of research topics that are of relevance to these scholars; and (iii) examining some of the recent entries from the relative literatures in the light of the identified research topics. The analysis suggests that there is much potential for interdisciplinary cross-fertilization over two broad research areas – ‘territorial heterogeneity’ of the past and present global territorial orders and the relationship between territory and power – also driving attention to potential research venues such as territorial interpretations of the anarchy/hierarchy problematique and the interaction between identity and territoriality.


Author(s):  
María Eva Muzzopappa

El rol de las fuerzas armadas, y particularmente, el ámbito de acción de la inteligencia militar constituyen un eje de debate que reaparece en el escenario político argentino, tensionando los límites establecidos al accionar castrense por la legislación  vigente. Particularmente, en la última década se ha debatido en torno a lo que se denomina “militarización” de los cuerpos policiales y “policiamiento” de las fuerzas armadas, fenómeno que desdibujaría los roles tradicionalmente asignados a las diferentes instituciones. En un contexto de redefinición global de las actividades de inteligencia, este trabajo indaga un archivo naval que resultó ser el hito a partir del cual la inteligencia militar fue reformulada institucionalmente en Argentina. A partir de este archivo, el trabajo desanda la relación entre las prácticas de inteligencia y la atribución de un rol “policial” para las fuerzas armadas argentinas y retoma el concepto de “policiamiento”, que actualmente alude a la propuesta de intervención de las fuerzas armadas en el enfrentamiento del terrorismo y el narcotráfico, para examinar sus antecedentes históricos como propuesta y práctica política.     Abstract The role of the armed forces, and particularly the scope of action of military intelligence, is an axis of debate that periodically reappears in the Argentine political scene, stressing the limits established for military action by current legislation. Particularly in the last decade there has been debate about what is called “militarization” of police forces and “policing” of the armed forces, a phenomenon that would blur the roles traditionally assigned to different institutions. In a context of global redefinition of intelligence activities, this work explores a naval archive that turned out to be the milestone from which military intelligence was institutionally reformulated in Argentina. From this archive, the work deviates the relationship between intelligence practices and the attribution of a “police” role for the Argentine armed forces and retakes the concept of “policing”, which currently alludes to the proposal of intervention of the forces armed in the confrontation of terrorism and drug trafficking, to examine their historical background as a proposal and political practice.


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