The Making of China’s Climate Diplomacy: Analysis from the Perspective of Two-Level Games

China Report ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 000944552110470
Author(s):  
Feng Renjie
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Political System ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
International Level ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Climate Negotiations ◽  
Energy Scenario ◽  
Domestic Level

This study illustrates the interaction of international and domestic factors that influenced China’s stance in the climate negotiations from 1992 to 2015. After providing a historical overview of China’s climate diplomacy, it elaborates on the external and internal factors that have shaped China’s climate diplomacy. At the international level, it examines the pressures that China has faced from both developed and developing countries at the United Nations climate change conferences. At the domestic level, it analyses three factors—China’s political system, its energy scenario and its environmental non-governmental organisations—that pushed China to soften its traditional positions. It ends with an elaboration of the interface of the international and domestic factors that have driven China’s shift away from blunt rejection of mitigation responsibility.

cop 25: Losing Sight of (Raising) Ambition

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-160
Author(s):  
Charlotte Streck ◽  
Moritz von Unger ◽  
Sandra Greiner
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Carbon Markets ◽  
Market Mechanisms ◽  
Political Bargaining ◽  
Climate Action ◽  
Zero Carbon ◽  
Carbon Economy

The 25th session of the Conference of the Parties (cop-25) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (unfccc) became the longest cop on record – but yielded few results. It appears that four years after the adoption of the Paris Agreement, enthusiasm has waned and political bargaining and bean-counting have taken over. Countries, for even the slightest chance to keep temperatures ‘well below’ 2 degrees Celsius, must do much more than they have previously committed to and accelerate the shift towards a zero-carbon economy. However, the conference largely failed to heed the rallying cry of the Chilean presidency. The flagship decisions (grouped under the banner “Chile-Madrid Time for Action”) neither produced new commitments – enhancing ambition or finance for developing countries – nor new rules that would nudge countries closer to the climate action targets needed. The leftover pieces from last year’s negotiations of the “Paris Rulebook” were also not resolved, in particular the unfinished decisions on Article 6 on market- and non-market mechanisms. The procrastination shows that the new architecture of the Paris Agreement, while addressing several of the shortcomings of the Kyoto Protocol, suffers from its own weaknesses. The meager results of Madrid give reason to pause and reflect on the conditions that may hold countries back from fully embracing the Paris Agreement, but also to consider the future and nature of carbon markets and what is making the issue so difficult to resolve.

scholarly journals The Reduce of CO2 Emissions in Morocco: Case Study in A Landfill

2021 ◽  
pp. 32-35
Author(s):  
Amine Moulay Taj ◽  
Fouzi Belmir
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Calculation Method ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Global Context ◽  
The Impact

In a global context increasingly concerned with climate change, understanding the impact of economic growth on the environment is becoming crucial, especially for developing countries. Morocco has been committed to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to achieve the objectives set for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 13% by 2030, with 2010 as the reference year. Such a target could reach 32% by the same horizon under certain technical, financial and capacity building support conditions.The main emitters of greenhouse gases (CH4 and CO2) are landfills because during the decomposition of solid waste CO2 is the most present gas pollutant is for this reason focuses this case study carried out in a landfill located in Fez, the development of a new calculation method or we could have a reduction in CO2 41261,69 teq CO2/year and with a yield of 85%.

scholarly journals Production of Carbon Offsets Using Conservation Agriculture Practices

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Francois Rochecouste ◽  
Paul Dargusch
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Conservation Agriculture ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Carbon Offsets ◽  
The United Nations

This paper examines opportunities for the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to consider financial mechanisms for the uptake of conservation agriculture (CA) practices in developing countries to reverse the loss of soil organic carbon. Conservation agriculture, commonly described as the reduction of tillage, maintaining soil cover and introducing crop rotations, is currently being promoted by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation as the most sustainable form of farming into the future. It was found that the increasing uptake of CA practices by developed countries improved soil organic carbon benefit and reduced energy inputs. Furthermore industrial agriculture has evolved a range of new technologies that can be adapted in developing countries to improve food security, increase environmental benefits and provide carbon offsets. This is in line with the climate change mitigation strategy of putting atmospheric carbon back in the soil to increase soil organic carbon. It is also noted that recognising conservation agriculture methodologies in carbon offset schemes would require the development of alternative economic instruments specifically to support small landholder changes in farming practices such as exist for hydrological and biodiversity ecosystem services schemes. Some of the constraints for small landowners providing agricultural carbon offsets are investment capital and an established trading mechanism that recognises the inherent issues of agriculture. Adaptation of conservation agricultural practices from industrialised agriculture to developing countries is examined along with current offset schemes being proposed in developed countries. A review of the literature examines Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) and suggests a number of methodologies for consideration as part of an offset market. It was found that the two main obstacles in market terms are the acceptance of a level of soil carbon sequestration that can be easily calculated and the degree of attached liability for farmers in selling the equivalent of a Certified Emission Reduction unit from a highly volatile system.

The Twin Failures of the CDM: Recommendations for the "Copenhagen Protocol"

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christie Kneteman ◽  
Andrew Green
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Clean Development Mechanism ◽  
Agricultural Soil ◽  
Effective Version

The Kyoto Protocol's Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) was intended to reduce greenhouse gas emissions while facilitating sustainable development in developing countries. However, most CDM projects contribute little to sustainable development and are inequitably distributed. The 15th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which will take place in Copenhagen in December 2009, is an opportunity to create a more effective version of the CDM. This paper argues that the CDM should be modified to include formal sustainable development requirements and to extend eligibility to additional land use, land-use change and forestry projects. In particular, the CDM should include credit for deforestation prevention, provide more scope for afforestation and reforestation projects, and encourage further study of agricultural soil carbon sequestration.

DEALING WITH CLIMATE CHANGE: POSSIBLE PATHWAYS FORWARD

2003 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 611
Author(s):  
B.S. Fisher ◽  
G.N. Jakeman ◽  
K.G. Woffenden ◽  
V.A. Tulpulé ◽  
S.T. Hester
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Environmental Effectiveness ◽  
Growth Prospects ◽  
Environmental Goal ◽  
Environmental Outcome

Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the international community has sought to find a policy framework to address the threat of human induced climate change. The most significant action to date has been the adoption of the Kyoto Protocol in December 1997, which could enter into force in 2003. The protocol includes legally binding emission reductions for some countries over the period 2008–12.It has yet not been possible, however, to find an approach that is truly global and that is aligned with the long-term environmental goal of reducing global greenhouse gas emissions to a safe level.A framework for action that addresses these shortcomings is developed in this paper. The underlying tenets are environmental effectiveness, economic efficiency, and equity. The power of technology is drawn into the solution, the importance of an appropriate timeframe for action is acknowledged and involvement by all major emitting countries is facilitated. Importantly, this last point includes participation by developing countries in a way that accommodates their aspirations for economic growth. Together, these elements allow a response that minimises costs and maximises the environmental outcome while at the same time enhancing the growth prospects of developing countries.

COP-15 in Copenhagen: How the Merging of Movements Left Civil Society Out in the Cold

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 11-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana R. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Environmental Politics ◽  
Climate Regime ◽  
Climate Negotiations ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Global Environmental Politics ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Global Environmental

What happened to non-governmental organizations' participation at the COP-15 round of climate negotiations in Copenhagen? Although the climate regime has been seen as relatively open to civil society, everything changed in Copenhagen and civil society became increasingly disenfranchised. This article discusses the three main forces that led to civil society's disenfranchisement at this round of the climate negotiations: increased registration, poor planning by the Danish organizers and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Secretariat, and the merging of movements. I conclude by discussing implications of the increase in civil society disenfranchisement to the climate regime and to the study of global environmental politics more broadly.

scholarly journals THE INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION OF THE RIGHTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL MIGRANTS: ACTIVITIES OF UNITED NATIONS’ ORGANS, PROGRAMMES, AND AGENCIES

2021 ◽  
pp. 150-158
Author(s):  
E. Yu. MARKOVA
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
International Level ◽  
International Protection ◽  
Environmental Migration

The article examines and analyzes the work of the UN Organs, Programmes and Agencies in solving the problem of protecting the rights of environmental migrants. It demonstrates the gradual recognition at the international level of the fact that it is necessary to protect the rights of people forced to migrate to safe and habitable areas in conditions of climate change (the rights of environmental migrants). Despite the fact that climate change has not been recognized as a factor directly in fl uencing migration and that the climate change is considered only in conjunction with other causes (economic, political, social, etc.), the UN Organs, Programmes and Agencies are working on research and recognition of the negative impact of the climate change on the full enjoyment of human rights. The author suggests that such work of the UN system will help to form and consolidate the international legal status of environmental migrants and subsequently to solve the problem of the environmental migration.

scholarly journals PERSPEKTIF KEADILAN IKLIM DALAM INSTRUMEN HUKUM LINGKUNGAN INTERNASIONAL TENTANG PERUBAHAN IKLIM

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deni Bram
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Climate Justice ◽  
International Level ◽  
Environmental Disaster ◽  
World Community ◽  
The World ◽  
Mitigate Climate Change ◽  
Combat Climate Change

The issue of climate change has become a central point of attention the world community on this century. In scientists view says that if we fail to make significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions for ten to twenty years ahead, we face the possibility of harmful environmental disaster at the end of this century. Legal instruments at international level which is present as a step to mitigate climate change were felt only in the interests of developing countries alone that puts the asymmetric advantage. The concept of climate justice is felt not touched so that the regime to combat climate change often fail in the fulfillment of justice for present and future.Keywords: climate change, intergenerational equity, intra generational equity

scholarly journals Building climate diplomacy back better: imagining the UNFCCC meetings of tomorrow

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Klein ◽  
◽  
Katy Harris ◽  
Inès Bakhtaoui ◽  
Andrea Lindblom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
United Nations ◽  
United Nations Framework Convention ◽  
The Real ◽  
Climate Negotiations ◽  
The Future ◽  
Fit For Purpose ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Business As Usual

Could the future of our planet be decided on Zoom? The feasibility of “online climate negotiations” was the issue the OnCliNe project initially set out to assess. However, experiences over the last 18 months illustrated that many of the diverse activities organised under the umbrella of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) could be held online, albeit with challenges. The real question was whether they could be held in ways that increase the effectiveness, inclusiveness and transparency of the UNFCCC process. This report reflects the sentiment of many stakeholders that there is an opportunity to harness the interruption and introspection that the pandemic imposed into a “positive disruption” of the process. If actions taken now can transcend the tendency to return to “business as usual” as soon as circumstances allow, and instead work towards a meaningful transformation of the climate talks, the UNFCCC process can be made more fit for purpose for tackling one of humanity’s greatest challenges. This will require creativity, courage, and active and decisive leadership.

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