Studying Criminal Career Length Through Early Adulthood Among Serious Offenders

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 412-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex R. Piquero ◽  
Robert Brame ◽  
Donald Lynam
Keyword(s):  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Race Differences ◽  
Criminal Careers ◽  
Criminal Career ◽  
One Dimension ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Career Length ◽  
California Youth Authority ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Serious Offenders

Much of the research on criminal careers has concentrated on the dimensions of prevalence, frequency, specialization, and desistance. One dimension that has not been the focus of research is career length. Knowledge on the distribution of—and correlates associated with—career length is important for matters related to theory and policy. Using data from a sample of parolees from the California Youth Authority, the authors studied the career-length issue and provide important descriptive and etiological information. The authors also present some comparisons across race to determine if race differences emerge in career length and its correlates. Theoretical and empirical directions for future research are also addressed.

Jekyll or Hyde? Examining the criminal careers of public violence offenders

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 415-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom van Ham ◽  
Arjan A.J. Blokland ◽  
Henk B. Ferwerda ◽  
Theo A.H. Doreleijers ◽  
Otto M.J. Adang
Keyword(s):  
Small Group ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Criminal Careers ◽  
Criminal Career ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Intergroup Dynamics ◽  
Criminal Records ◽  
Career Trajectories ◽  
Police Data ◽  
Group Violence

Since the 1970s theoretical and empirical work on public violence has mainly focused on the context in which public violence takes place, assuming that public violence offenders are ordinary people acting in extraordinary circumstances. Recent studies however indicate that ‘hooligans’ share many characteristics with other violent offenders, which has (re)fuelled the notion that individual propensity is important in explaining public violence, and that public violence offenders generally fit the small group of serious and persistent offenders identified by Moffitt. Based on Dutch police data on 438 individuals involved in public violence, we examined the criminal careers of public violence offenders leading up to the date of registration as a public violence offender. Using group-based models, we distinguished three criminal career trajectories in our sample. Although we found many public violence offenders had no criminal records whatsoever, we also found a small group of public violence offenders who exhibited a high frequency of offending, displayed both solo and group violence, and acted violently across different settings. Our results leave us to take a middle ground in the context-propensity debate, because we argue that different categories of public violence offenders may exist whose behaviour is triggered by different processes. Incorporating the notion of different types of public violence offenders helps explain the seemingly contradictory findings of prior studies, and suggests new avenues for future research into the intra- and intergroup dynamics of public violence.

Co-offending

2018 ◽  
pp. 125-146
Author(s):  
Sarah B. van Mastrigt ◽  
Peter Carrington
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Criminal Careers ◽  
Criminal Career ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Offending Patterns ◽  
The Life Course

This chapter reviews existing theory and empirical evidence on changes in co-offending patterns over the life course, links these patterns to other key criminal career parameters, and highlights important areas for future research. In order to set the stage for the remainder of the chapter, the few theoretical insights that relate joint offending to the development of criminal careers are first reviewed. The chapter then focuses on the age–co-offending curve, outlining what is known about changes in both co-offending prevalence and form across the life course and considering implications for more general developmental and life-course discussions of age and offending. It next examines how co-offending is related to other features of the criminal career, including onset, specialization, seriousness, frequency, duration, persistence, and desistance. Finally, this chapter briefly outlines outstanding issues and next steps for advancing DLC theory and research on group crime.

Prisons, Deterrence, and Incapacitation

2019 ◽  
pp. 151-162
Author(s):  
Michael Gottfredson ◽  
Travis Hirschi
Keyword(s):  
Control Theory ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Criminal Careers ◽  
Criminal Career ◽  
Criminal Sanctions ◽  
Career Criminal ◽  
Theory Of Crime ◽  
Offender Typologies

Modern control theory doubts the effectiveness of criminal sanctions to affect the crime rate substantially. This view is contrasted with the expectations of the criminal career perspective, a leading view on the nature of crime and the role of the criminal justice system in controlling crime by deterrence and incapacitation. The contrast is illustrated with differing expectations about how age is related to crime (including serious offending), the importance of the versatility effect for offending, and evidence about how changes in incarceration levels are expected to be related to crime rates. On all counts, the results of competent contemporary research support the expectations of the general theory of crime over the expectations of criminal career/career criminal traditions. The research on statistical modeling and offender typologies in the criminal careers tradition has not provided consistent or replicated results demonstrating that criminal sanctions effectively incapacitate or deter offending. Control theory is inconsistent with mass incarceration, with the belief that increasing severity of sanctions reduces crime rates either by incapacitation or by deterrence, and notes that crime tends overwhelmingly to decline with age for all offenders beginning in early adulthood.

Acceleration, Deceleration, Escalation, and De-escalation

2018 ◽  
pp. 69-80
Author(s):  
Wesley G. Jennings ◽  
Bryanna Hahn Fox
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Criminal Careers ◽  
Criminal Career ◽  
Future Research

This chapter examines two patterns of change seen in individual offending behaviors at certain times and ages: acceleration or deceleration and escalation or de-escalation. In order to answer the questions regarding the age–crime curve and its applicability to the criminal careers of specific individuals, the prevalence of offending in the population and the frequency of offending within individual criminal careers must be examined through these patterns. Hence, the chapter begins with a brief review of the origin of the criminal career paradigm and a description of its various parameters. It then discusses both static and dynamic developmental and life-course theories of crime before providing a more in-depth discussion of acceleration/deceleration and escalation/de-escalation as it relates to a criminal career, respectively. Finally, this chapter concludes by offering directions for future research on these topics.

Uncollaring the Criminal

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 583-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex R. Piquero ◽  
Nicole Leeper Piquero ◽  
Karen J. Terry ◽  
Tasha Youstin ◽  
Matt Nobles
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
General Population ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Early Onset ◽  
Criminal Careers ◽  
Criminal Career ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Police Investigations ◽  
Future Research Directions

Much of the extant work on criminal careers has been conducted on longitudinal samples of children and adolescents in the general population or on samples of officially processed offenders. The researchers herein examined key criminal career dimensions among a large sample of clerics who had allegations of sexual abuse levied against them between the years 1950 and 2002. Results indicate that although some of the clerics' criminal career parameters evince similar patterns to those from other offender samples, there are important differences with respect to onset, career duration, and recidivism. In addition, previously abused clerics as well as clerics who exhibited an early onset of abuse were more likely to accumulate police investigations, whereas married clerics were more likely than nonmarried clerics to evince a higher number of police investigations. Implications and future research directions are outlined.

Comparing the criminal careers and childhood risk factors of persistent, chronic, and persistent–chronic offenders

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyson Whitten ◽  
Tara R McGee ◽  
Ross Homel ◽  
David P Farrington ◽  
Maria Ttofi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Criminal Careers ◽  
Criminal Career ◽  
Chronic Offenders ◽  
School Attainment ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Childhood Risk Factors ◽  
Persistent Offending ◽  
Program Components

There have been few efforts to conceptually and empirically distinguish persistent and chronic offenders, despite the prominence of these concepts in the criminological literature. Research has not yet examined if different childhood risk factors are associated with offenders who have the longest criminal careers (persistent offenders), commit the most offences (chronic offenders), or both (persistent–chronic offenders). We address this gap using data from the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development. Poverty, poor school attainment, and family stress had a pervasive impact on all forms of offending in correlational analyses. Longer criminal career durations were associated with fewer childhood risk factors than was the case for chronic offenders. Chronic offenders were significantly more likely than persistent offenders to experience many environmental risks in childhood. When controlling for all other risk factors, hyperactivity and parental separation uniquely predicted persistent offending, while high daring and large family size uniquely predicted chronic offending. Our analyses point to the need for responses based on a philosophy of “proportionate universalism,” where universal multisystemic crime prevention strategies that benefit all children incorporate program components that are known to influence the unique risk factors for both persistent and chronic offending.

Workplace Ostracism and Its Negative Outcomes

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 143-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoming Zheng ◽  
Jun Yang ◽  
Hang-Yue Ngo ◽  
Xiao-Yu Liu ◽  
Wengjuan Jiao
Keyword(s):  
Affective Commitment ◽  
Psychological Capital ◽  
Intention To Leave ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Conservation Of Resources ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Negative Outcomes ◽  
Workplace Ostracism ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. Workplace ostracism, conceived as to being ignored or excluded by others, has attracted the attention of researchers in recent years. One essential topic in this area is how to reduce or even eliminate the negative consequences of workplace ostracism. Based on conservation of resources (COR) theory, the current study assesses the relationship between workplace ostracism and its negative outcomes, as well as the moderating role played by psychological capital, using data collected from 256 employees in three companies in the northern part of China. The study yields two important findings: (1) workplace ostracism is positively related to intention to leave and (2) psychological capital moderates the effect of workplace ostracism on affective commitment and intention to leave. This paper concludes by discussing the implications of these findings for organizations and employees, along with recommendations for future research.

Siblings and Illness

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah Sawyer Vanderwerp
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Birth Order ◽  
Family Size ◽  
Multivariate Analyses ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Chronically Ill ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Mother And Child ◽  
Using Data

Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-Mother and Child samples, I investigated the relationships among child and adolescent depressive symptoms, having a chronically ill sibling, and other child and familial demographic variables. From research on social support and social role transitions, with the Stress Process as a theoretical model, I hypothesized that children with chronically ill siblings experience more depressive symptoms. Specifically, I looked at age, gender, birth order and family size as potentially reducing the effect size of having a chronically ill sibling. Findings showed that having a chronically ill sibling is associated with demonstrating more depressive symptoms both in the bivariate and multivariate analyses. Although age, gender, birth order and family size do not interact significantly with having a chronically ill sibling in predicting depressive symptoms, they do present interesting findings about childhood depressive symptoms in general. Thus, the results of this study suggest specific and meaningful paths for future research.

Disorders of Development

2010 ◽  
pp. 551-574
Author(s):  
V. Mark Durand
Keyword(s):  
Pervasive Developmental Disorders ◽  
Developmental Disorders ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Learning Disorders ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Asperger Disorder ◽  
Oppositional Defiant ◽  
Assessment And Treatment ◽  
Clinically Significant

Disorders of development include a range of problems first evidenced in childhood. Although most disorders have their origins in childhood, a few fully express themselves before early adulthood. This chapter describes the nature, assessment, and treatment of the more common disorders that are revealed in a clinically significant way during a child’s developing years. The disorders of development affect a range of functioning, from single skills deficits to more pervasive problems that negatively impact a child’s ability to function. Included is coverage of several disorders usually diagnosed first in infancy, childhood, or adolescence, including attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, learning disorders, communication and related disorders, pervasive developmental disorders (including autistic disorder and Asperger disorder), and intellectual disabilities. Recommendations for future research on the potential for advancing knowledge regarding spectrums within some of these disorders, as well as recommendations for treatment, are outlined.

scholarly journals Secondary School Teachers’ Professional Development in Australia and Shanghai: Needs, Support, and Barriers

SAGE Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 215824402110269
Author(s):  
Guangbao Fang ◽  
Philip Wing Keung Chan ◽  
Penelope Kalogeropoulos
Keyword(s):  
Professional Development ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Secondary School Teachers ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Teachers Professional Development ◽  
Scheduled Time

Using data from the Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS; 2013), this article explores teachers’ needs, support, and barriers in their professional development. The research finds that Australian teachers expressed greater needs in information and communication technology (ICT) use and new technology training for teaching, while Shanghai teachers required more assistance to satisfy students’ individual learning and pedagogical competencies. More than 80% of Australian and Shanghai teachers received scheduled time to support their participation in professional development, whereas less than 20% of Australian and Shanghai teachers received monetary or nonmonetary support. In terms of barriers, Australian and Shanghai teachers reported two significant barriers that conflicted with their participation in professional development: “working schedule” and “a lack of incentives to take part.” This article reveals implications of the study in the design of an effective professional development program for Australian and Shanghai teachers and ends with discussing the limitations of the research and future research directions.

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