Using an Integrated Model of Strain and Routine Activities to Explore the Reciprocal Relationship Between Direct/Various Victimization and Criminal Coping Among Serious Adolescent Offenders

2021 ◽  
pp. 001112872110475
Author(s):  
Yeoju Park ◽  
Christi Metcalfe
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Model ◽  
Routine Activities ◽  
Reciprocal Relationship ◽  
Path Model ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Vicarious Victimization ◽  
Lagged Effects ◽  
General Strain ◽  
Serious Offenders ◽  
Pathways To Desistance

Using an integrated model of general strain and lifestyle/routine activities theories, the study aimed to prospectively assess the reciprocal relationship between direct victimization, vicarious victimization, and delinquency/crime over time among serious offenders. A cross-lagged path model was conducted using three waves from the Pathways to Desistance Study. Past victimization consistently predicted future victimization, while past delinquency/crime consistently affected future delinquency/crime, demonstrating stability across these variables. Prior vicarious victimization also indirectly increased subsequent direct victimization and delinquency/crime. However, there were no direct or indirect effects found between direction victimization and later vicarious victimization or delinquency/crime, or between delinquency/crime and later direct or vicarious victimization. Sensitivity analyses revealed the contemporaneous effects of victimization were more consequential on offending than the lagged effects.

Causal and noncausal conditionals: An integrated model of interpretation and reasoning

2005 ◽  
Vol 58 (8) ◽  
pp. 1479-1513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Weidenfeld ◽  
Klaus Oberauer ◽  
Robin Hörnig
Keyword(s):  
Conditional Probability ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
Integrated Model ◽  
Path Model ◽  
Willingness To Accept ◽  
Indirect Pathway ◽  
Degree Of Belief ◽  
Direct Pathway ◽  
Conditional Statements ◽  
Causal Path

We present an integrated model for the understanding of and the reasoning from conditional statements. Central assumptions from several approaches are integrated into a causal path model. According to the model, the cognitive availability of exceptions to a conditional reduces the subjective conditional probability of the consequent, given the antecedent. This conditional probability determines people's degree of belief in the conditional, which in turn affects their willingness to accept logically valid inferences. In addition to this indirect pathway, the model contains a direct pathway: Availability of exceptional situations directly reduces the endorsement of valid inferences. We tested the integrated model with three experiments using conditional statements embedded in pseudonaturalistic cover stories. An explicitly mentioned causal link between antecedent and consequent was either present (causal conditionals) or absent (arbitrary conditionals). The model was supported for the causal but not for the arbitrary conditional statements.

A Longitudinal Test of the Mediational Role of Delinquent Peer Association on the Link Between Psychopathy and Offending

2020 ◽  
pp. 088626052092236
Author(s):  
Sara L. Bryson ◽  
Caitlin M. Brady ◽  
James V. Ray
Keyword(s):  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Psychopathy Checklist ◽  
Delinquent Peer ◽  
Peer Association ◽  
Mediational Role ◽  
Serious Offenders ◽  
Pathways To Desistance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Although prior research has found that psychopathy and delinquent peer association are predictors of delinquency, less research has assessed the dynamic role of peers in the relationship between psychopathic traits and offending. Using 10 waves of data from the Pathways to Desistance longitudinal study ( n = 1,354), the current exploratory study investigates the impact of changes in delinquent peer association on the relationship between psychopathy and self-reported offending. Although the effects are small, results indicate that youth with higher Psychopathy Checklist Youth Version (PCL:YV; Forth et al.) scores report higher initial levels of delinquent peer association, which results in increases in offending over the study period. Initial levels (intercept) and change (slope) in delinquent peer association are positively associated with offending. Findings also demonstrate that initial levels and changes in delinquent peer association mediate the relationship between psychopathy and changes in offending. The findings have implications for delinquency prevention and intervention efforts for all adolescents and particularly serious offenders.

The Effects of Criminal Propensity and Strain on Later Offending

2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (13) ◽  
pp. 1655-1681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica M. Craig ◽  
Stephanie M. Cardwell ◽  
Alex R. Piquero
Keyword(s):  
Antisocial Behavior ◽  
General Strain Theory ◽  
Strain Theory ◽  
Adolescent Offenders ◽  
Longitudinal Sample ◽  
Criminal Propensity ◽  
Vicarious Victimization ◽  
General Strain ◽  
The Impact

Recently, Agnew has narrowed the focus of General Strain Theory by arguing certain factors must converge for criminal coping to occur. Specifically, individuals must have certain crime-related traits, experience strains that are perceived as unjust and high in magnitude, and occur in situations that encourage criminal coping. A longitudinal sample of serious adolescent offenders was used to assess the impact of direct and vicarious victimization on later offending among those with higher and lower criminal propensity. Regardless of their criminal propensity, youth who experienced victimization were more likely to engage in antisocial behavior compared with those who were not victimized. The results are mixed regarding Agnew’s thesis and suggest that victimization experiences may push justice-involved youth into further crime.

Chicken or the egg? A cross-lagged panel analysis of group identification and group-based relative deprivation

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 1032-1048 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Zubielevitch ◽  
Chris G. Sibley ◽  
Danny Osborne
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Relative Deprivation ◽  
Group Identification ◽  
Reciprocal Relationship ◽  
Causal Direction ◽  
Causal Pathway ◽  
Group Identities ◽  
Lagged Effects ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Relationship

Group identification and group-based relative deprivation (GRD) are critical predictors of numerous group-oriented attitudes and behaviours. While social-identity-based approaches suggest that salient group identities increase social comparisons, empirical data bearing on the causal direction of the relationship between group identification and GRD are mixed. To resolve this inconsistency, we examined the cross-lagged effects of group identification on GRD—as well as the potential reverse causal pathway—using three annual waves of data from a nationally representative sample of ethnic minorities in New Zealand ( N = 5,115). Although we found evidence of a reciprocal relationship between variables, ethnic group identification had a stronger positive cross-lagged effect on ethnic GRD than vice versa, suggesting that social identity is an important antecedent to invidious group-based comparisons. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings.

A General Strain Theory of Prison Violence and Misconduct: An Integrated Model of Inmate Behavior

2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristie R. Blevins ◽  
Shelley Johnson Listwan ◽  
Francis T. Cullen ◽  
Cheryl Lero Jonson
Keyword(s):  
General Strain Theory ◽  
Integrated Model ◽  
Strain Theory ◽  
Prison Violence ◽  
General Strain ◽  
Inmate Behavior

scholarly journals Cross-Lagged Panel Analyses of Reciprocal Effects of Social Isolation, Perceived Loneliness, and Solitary Activity

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 93-94
Author(s):  
Ke Li ◽  
Fengyan Tang
Keyword(s):  
Social Isolation ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Living Arrangement ◽  
Social Contact ◽  
Summary Score ◽  
Reciprocal Relationship ◽  
Subjective Perception ◽  
Reciprocal Effects ◽  
Lagged Effects ◽  
Relationship Of

Abstract Social isolation and perceived loneliness are major issues as they may place older adults at greater risks for health problems. The objective status of social isolation and the subjective perception of loneliness may have distinct meanings, and their longitudinal reciprocal relationship remains unclear. The purposes of this study were to examine the reciprocal effects of social isolation and loneliness among U.S. adults aged 50 and above and to explore the moderating effect of solitary activities by using the data from three waves of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) collected in the year 2008, 2012 and 2016. The index of social isolation was created by summing five commonly used indicators, including marital status, living arrangement, and three types of social contact. Loneliness was assessed by a summary score of 11 items. Solitary activities included 13 activities with limited or no social interaction. The results estimated by the cross-lagged effects model showed positive reciprocal relationship of social isolation and perceived loneliness across waves: respondents with a higher level of social isolation were predicted to have increased loneliness, and more perceived loneliness was significantly associated with a higher level of social isolation in the following waves. The results also indicated that solitary activity had a direct effect on decreasing loneliness. This study improves the understanding of reciprocal effects of social isolation and perceived loneliness over years and indicates that practice needs to address the issues of social isolation and perceived loneliness at the early stage and provide more opportunities of solitary activities.

scholarly journals A longitudinal analysis of the reciprocal relationship between academic procrastination, study satisfaction, and dropout intentions in higher education

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Scheunemann ◽  
Theresa Schnettler ◽  
Julia Bobe ◽  
Stefan Fries ◽  
Carola Grunschel
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Reciprocal Relationship ◽  
Academic Procrastination ◽  
Causal Process ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Student Dropout ◽  
Panel Model ◽  
Student Counselors ◽  
Lagged Effects

AbstractStudent dropout is a multi-causal process. Different theoretical models on student dropout consider dysfunctional study behavior (e.g., academic procrastination) and low study satisfaction as possible determinants of students’ dropout intentions during their university studies. However, these models neglect contemporary conceptualizations that assume reverse relationships between dropout intentions and other determinants of the dropout process. Until now, empirical evidence on these assumptions is scant. The present three-wave longitudinal study explored the reciprocal relationships between academic procrastination, study satisfaction, and dropout intentions over one semester. To this end, we used data of N = 326 undergraduate students enrolled in mathematics and law. Our latent cross-lagged panel model replicated existing empirical cross-sectional findings between the variables (i.e., academic procrastination, study satisfaction, and dropout intentions). Regarding the longitudinal relations, as expected, the cross-lagged effects showed that higher dropout intentions significantly related to subsequent higher academic procrastination and lower study satisfaction. Unexpectedly, academic procrastination did not significantly relate to subsequent dropout intentions. Additionally, higher study satisfaction significantly associated with subsequent higher dropout intentions—possibly due to unfulfilled expectations. Further, higher study satisfaction significantly related to subsequent higher procrastination—possibly due to more confidence among satisfied students. Our results broaden the view on dropout intentions as part of the dynamic interplay of student dropout determinants and the need to refine dropout models’ assumptions accordingly. Practically, realistic expectations seem important to reduce dropout intentions. Further, student counselors should have a closer look at the reasons for academic procrastination to develop individual solutions for this dysfunctional behavior.

scholarly journals SELECTED THEORIES ON CRIMINALISATION OF HACKING

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (22) ◽  
pp. 168-178
Author(s):  
Ani Munirah Mohamad ◽  
Zaiton Hamin ◽  
Mohd Zakhiri Md Nor ◽  
Nurhazman Abdul Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Routine Activities ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Strain Theory ◽  
The Body ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
General Strain ◽  
Shed Light

Hacking or unauthorised access is criminalised in many jurisdictions, including Malaysia, Singapore, the United Kingdom, Hong Kong, and a few other countries. Hacking is the act of gaining access through the computer system or network without proper authority or exceeding the original authority given to him. Many commentators and researchers have reported on the conceptual and legal aspects of hacking. However, hacking's theoretical, conceptual, and legal aspects have remained under-researched. Therefore, this paper's primary objective is to outline the various theories, which could inform the criminalisation of hacking. The theories of routine activities, deterrence theory, social learning and self-control, general strain theory, and deviant subcultures are deliberated in this paper alongside illustrations within the context of hacking. This paper will shed light on the body of literature and contribute to a better understanding of hacking criminalisation from various theories discussed in this paper. Future research should be directed to provide empirical evidence of applying the theory to hacking criminalisation.

Unraveling the Bidirectional Relationship Between Bullying Victimization and Perpetration: A Test of Mechanisms From Opportunity and General Strain Theories

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-411
Author(s):  
Glenn D. Walters
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
General Strain Theory ◽  
Routine Activities ◽  
Strain Theory ◽  
Bullying Victimization ◽  
Peer Delinquency ◽  
Bullying Perpetration ◽  
Bidirectional Relationship ◽  
Causal Mediation Analysis ◽  
General Strain

This study tested two theories designed to explain the bullying perpetration–victimization relationship. Peer delinquency was hypothesized to mediate the pathway from bullying perpetration to victimization, in line with opportunity, lifestyle, and routine activities theories, and anger was held to mediate the pathway from bullying victimization to perpetration as set forth in general strain theory. These pathways were tested in a sample of 3,411 youth (1,728 boys, 1,683 girls) from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. A causal mediation analysis performed on three nonoverlapping waves of data, in which prior levels of each predicted variable were controlled, uncovered support for peer delinquency as a mediator of the perpetration–victimization pathway but failed to identify anger as a mediator of the victimization–perpetration pathway. Additional research is required to identify a mediator for the victimization–perpetration pathway and determine whether variables other than peer delinquency mediate the perpetration–victimization pathway.

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