The Multilevel Effects of Changes in Disadvantage on Changes in Crime

2021 ◽  
pp. 001112872110475
Author(s):  
Marin R. Wenger
Keyword(s):  
Social Disorganization ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Community Survey ◽  
Social Disorganization Theory ◽  
American Community Survey ◽  
Neighborhood Crime ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Census Tracts ◽  
Multilevel Effects ◽  
Over Time

While social disorganization theory suggests the importance of change, most prior research examining macro-level criminological associations uses cross-sectional data. The current study examines the multilevel relationship between changes in disadvantage and changes in crime over time using four data sources: the National Neighborhood Crime Study, the 2000 U.S. Census, crime-incidents occurring between 2005 and 2009, and the 2005–2009 American Community Survey. Analyzing 6,068 census tracts within 53 large U.S. cities using multilevel models with time nested within tracts nested within cities, I parse out the contribution of changes in tract-level disadvantage from city-level disadvantage to changes in robbery and burglary rates. Results indicate the importance of both static and dynamic associations between disadvantage and crime, at both the neighborhood and city level.

Clarifying the Relationship Between Racial Diversity and Crime: Neighborhoods Versus Cities

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (11) ◽  
pp. 1513-1536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marin R. Wenger
Keyword(s):  
Social Cohesion ◽  
Social Disorganization ◽  
Racial Diversity ◽  
Current Investigation ◽  
Neighborhood Crime ◽  
Census Tracts ◽  
Neighborhood Diversity ◽  
The Relationship

Since the 1970s, racial diversity within neighborhoods and cities has been increasing. Although social disorganization theorists have long argued that diversity reduces social cohesion leading to increases in crime, the association between diversity and crime may be more nuanced than previously thought. More specifically, neighborhood processes occur within the broader context of the cities within which they are embedded. The current investigation uses data from 9,593 census tracts nested within 91 large U.S. cities from the National Neighborhood Crime Study (NNCS) to test whether the association between neighborhood diversity and crime differs by city diversity. Results indicate an interaction between neighborhood and city diversity, such that the effect of neighborhood diversity on crime becomes weaker as city diversity increases.

Debtors’ Blocks: How Monetary Sanctions Make Between-neighborhood Racial and Economic Inequalities Worse

2021 ◽  
pp. 233264922110578
Author(s):  
Kate K. O’Neill ◽  
Ian Kennedy ◽  
Alexes Harris
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Social Disorganization ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Community Survey ◽  
American Community Survey ◽  
High Poverty ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Recent Scholarship ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Neighborhood Level

Although recent scholarship has enumerated many individual-level consequences of criminal legal citations and sentences involving fines and fees, we know surprisingly little about the structural consequences of monetary sanctions or legal financial obligations (LFOs). We use social disorganization and critical race theories to examine neighborhood-level associations between and among LFO sentence amounts, poverty, and racial and ethnic demographics. Using longitudinal data from the Washington State Administrative Office of the Courts, and the American Community Survey, we find LFOs are more burdensome in high-poverty communities and of color, and that per-capita rates of LFOs sentenced are associated with increased future poverty rates across all neighborhoods.

scholarly journals Effects of Measurement Error in the American Community Survey on Statistical Analysis: An Example using County and Census Tract Mortality Rates.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corey Sparks ◽  
Lloyd B. Potter
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Model ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Community Survey ◽  
Standard Errors ◽  
American Community Survey ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Census Tracts ◽  
Indicator Data ◽  
Naive Model

The American Community Survey (ACS) summary file data provide rolling 5-year estimates of demographic and socioeconomic indicator data for small geographiesthroughout the United States. These estimates are commonly used as indicators forregression models to measure conditions in communities. The Margins of Error (MOE) inthe ACS estimates for small geographic areas can often be very large, and without takingthem into account, regression analyses using them can be mis-specified, leading to bias inregression coefficients and model standard errors. This paper directly comparesmeasurement error model specifications to naive model specifications for a mortalityoutcome in Texas Census tracts using Bayesian model specializations. The results showthat there is bias in the naive regression model results. We urge users of the ACSsummary file data to be aware of such bias as it can potentially impact interpretation ofmodel results and hypothesis tests.

PROXY-REPORTS IN THE ASCERTAINMENT OF DISABILITY PREVALENCE WITH AMERICAN COMMUNITY SURVEY DATA

2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
C. SIORDIA
Keyword(s):  
Community Survey ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Population Estimates ◽  
American Community Survey ◽  
Survey Period ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Proxy Report ◽  
Proxy Reports ◽  
Background Population ◽  
Disability Prevalence

Background: Population estimates on disability prevalence inform policy makers and public health professionals. Understanding how factors capable of affecting measurement (e.g., proxy-report) vary in the population is important for establishing level of confidence in sample-derived population estimates. Objectives: To establish how use of proxy-reports varies by six disability types stratified by sex, race-ethnicity, and age group. Specific aim is achieved by investigating the number of proxy-reports used amongst the disable population. Design: Cross-sectional study using American Community Survey (ACS) Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) 3-year file collected during 2009-2011 survey period. Setting: Community-dwelling population in continental United States (US). Participants: The unweighted count of 6,003,183 individuals in the microdata are said to represent about 193,277,485 individuals in the continental US population. Measurements: Stratified disability period estimates are computed. Amongst the disable: the number of proxy-reports; allocations; and Person Inflation Ratios (PRIs) are presented by disability type. Results: Half of all the reported disabilities are derived through the use of proxy-report. In addition, high rates of item-allocation and PRIs are generally found in race-ethnic minorities. Proxy-report use and PRIs are lower for those aged > 65—but not allocation rates. Conclusions: Although use of proxy report in the ascertainment of disability varies in complex ways, data suggest prevalence of proxy reports is lowest amongst Non-Latino-Black females ages 21 to 64. Efforts toward providing clinicians with high quality descriptive epidemiology should continue as a reliable thermometer for measuring disability in the population is needed.

Social Disorganization Theory

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Bellair
Keyword(s):  
Collective Efficacy ◽  
Social Disorganization ◽  
Urban Neighborhoods ◽  
Informal Social Control ◽  
Social Disorganization Theory ◽  
Neighborhood Crime ◽  
The Social ◽  
Organic Solidarity ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Crucial Test

Contemporary sociologists typically trace social disorganization models to Emile Durkheim’s classic work. There is continuity between Durkheim’s concern for organic solidarity in societies that are changing rapidly and the social disorganization approach of Shaw and McKay (1969). However, Shaw and McKay view social disorganization as a situationally rooted variable and not as an inevitable property of all urban neighborhoods. They argued that socioeconomic status (SES), racial and ethnic heterogeneity, and residential stability account for variations in social disorganization and hence informal social control, which in turn account for the distribution of community crime. Empirical testing of Shaw and McKay’s research in other cities during the mid-20th century, with few exceptions, focused on the relationship between SES and delinquency or crime as a crucial test of the theory. As a whole, that research supports social disorganization theory. A handful of studies in the 1940s through early 1960s documented a relationship between social disorganization and crime. After a period of stagnation, social disorganization increased through the 1980s and since then has accelerated rapidly. Much of that research includes direct measurement of social disorganization, informal control, and collective efficacy. Clearly, many scholars perceive that social disorganization plays a central role in the distribution of neighborhood crime.

scholarly journals A Longitudinal Study of the Associations of Family Structure with Physical Activity across the Week in Boys and Girls

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (20) ◽  
pp. 4050
Author(s):  
Emma Solomon-Moore ◽  
Ruth Salway ◽  
Lydia G. Emm-Collison ◽  
Simon J. Sebire ◽  
Janice L. Thompson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Family Structure ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Interaction Terms ◽  
Intensity Physical Activity ◽  
Vigorous Intensity ◽  
Over Time

The aim of this study was to examine how family structure is associated with moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) for children aged between 6 and 11. At 6, 9 and 11 years, children wore an accelerometer and parents/carers completed questionnaires on demographics and family structure. Linear regression models examined cross-sectional associations between family structure and MVPA at age 9 and 11. Linear multilevel models examined longitudinal associations between age 6 and 11, differences in change over time were examined using interaction terms. No associations between exposures and MVPA were evident at age 9. Compared to boys living in one home, eleven-year-old boys who lived in multiple homes performed 15.99 (2.46–29.52) fewer minutes of MVPA on weekend days. In longitudinal analyses, the evidence was unclear whether the association with family structure changed over time. Models that assumed associations with family structure remained constant over time, found that boys who lived in multiple homes performed 11.02 (0.76–21.28) fewer minutes of MVPA per weekend day, while for each additional sibling, girls performed an extra 1.89 (0.25–3.53) minutes of MVPA per weekend day. Findings indicate a small number of associations, varying in magnitude, between family structure and children’s MVPA. Therefore, families of all structures should be supported to help their children meet MVPA recommendations.

scholarly journals Responding to Neighborhood Problems: Is the Division of Community Labor Gendered?

2017 ◽  
Vol 64 (9) ◽  
pp. 1215-1241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Wickes ◽  
Lisa Broidy ◽  
John R. Hipp
Keyword(s):  
Social Control ◽  
Social Disorganization ◽  
Fear Of Crime ◽  
Crime Reduction ◽  
Informal Social Control ◽  
Social Disorganization Theory ◽  
Neighborhood Crime ◽  
Neighborhood Problems ◽  
Control Actions ◽  
The Relationship

Social disorganization theory positions informal social control as central to neighborhood crime reduction. Although neighborhood ties, fear of crime, and perceived disorder influence the exercise of informal social control, there are significant sex differences for these drivers that might differentially influence men and women’s informal social control actions. Furthermore, these differences may be exaggerated under conditions that activate gendered divisions of labor. We use survey data from 4,000 residents in 148 neighborhoods and employ multilevel logistic regression to examine the relationship between sex and informal social control actions. We find that men are more likely to take action than women; however, our three-way interactions reveal family arrangements moderate the relationship between ties, fear of crime, disorder, and these actions.

scholarly journals Implicit Black-Weapon Associations Weakened Over Time in Increasingly Multiethnic Metropolitan Areas

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Somo ◽  
Melody Sadler ◽  
Thierry Devos
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Multilevel Model ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Implicit Associations ◽  
Equal Proportion ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Census Tracts ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
Over Time

A repeated cross-sectional design was used to examine whether temporal changes in implicit Black-weapon associations were dependent on the changing ethnic diversity of metropolitan areas over the course of a decade (2009-2018). Data on implicit Black-weapon associations were obtained from Project Implicit. Three indicators of ethnic diversity were calculated using American Community Survey data. Minority representation referred to the proportion of African American residents. Variety was operationalized as the degree to which six ethnic groups each accounted for an equal proportion of the population. Integration assessed the degree to which ethnic groups were evenly distributed across census tracts making up the metropolitan area. Multilevel model analyses (N = 345,647 participants, nested within 185 metropolitan areas) revealed that implicit Black-weapon associations weakened over time, and to a larger degree in metropolitan areas characterized by steeper increases in variety. This longitudinal relationship is consistent with the notion that, as metropolitan areas become more multiethnic, implicit associations between crime, danger, or violence and Black Americans decline.

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