Debtors’ Blocks: How Monetary Sanctions Make Between-neighborhood Racial and Economic Inequalities Worse

2021 ◽  
pp. 233264922110578
Author(s):  
Kate K. O’Neill ◽  
Ian Kennedy ◽  
Alexes Harris
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Social Disorganization ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Community Survey ◽  
American Community Survey ◽  
High Poverty ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Recent Scholarship ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Neighborhood Level

Although recent scholarship has enumerated many individual-level consequences of criminal legal citations and sentences involving fines and fees, we know surprisingly little about the structural consequences of monetary sanctions or legal financial obligations (LFOs). We use social disorganization and critical race theories to examine neighborhood-level associations between and among LFO sentence amounts, poverty, and racial and ethnic demographics. Using longitudinal data from the Washington State Administrative Office of the Courts, and the American Community Survey, we find LFOs are more burdensome in high-poverty communities and of color, and that per-capita rates of LFOs sentenced are associated with increased future poverty rates across all neighborhoods.

scholarly journals Job Turnover and Divorce

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip N. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Population Survey ◽  
Community Survey ◽  
New Combination ◽  
Job Turnover ◽  
American Community Survey ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
High Turnover ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Individual

Inspired by Pugh (2015), this paper explores the connection between work and couple stability, using a new combination of data from the Current Population Survey (CPS) and the American Community Survey (ACS). I test the association between job turnover, a contextual variable, and divorce at the individual level. Results show that people who work in jobs with high turnover rates – that is, jobs which many people are no longer working in one year later – are also more likely to divorce. One possible explanation is that people exposed to lower levels of commitment from employers, and employees, exhibit lower levels of commitment to their own marriages

The Multilevel Effects of Changes in Disadvantage on Changes in Crime

2021 ◽  
pp. 001112872110475
Author(s):  
Marin R. Wenger
Keyword(s):  
Social Disorganization ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Community Survey ◽  
Social Disorganization Theory ◽  
American Community Survey ◽  
Neighborhood Crime ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Census Tracts ◽  
Multilevel Effects ◽  
Over Time

While social disorganization theory suggests the importance of change, most prior research examining macro-level criminological associations uses cross-sectional data. The current study examines the multilevel relationship between changes in disadvantage and changes in crime over time using four data sources: the National Neighborhood Crime Study, the 2000 U.S. Census, crime-incidents occurring between 2005 and 2009, and the 2005–2009 American Community Survey. Analyzing 6,068 census tracts within 53 large U.S. cities using multilevel models with time nested within tracts nested within cities, I parse out the contribution of changes in tract-level disadvantage from city-level disadvantage to changes in robbery and burglary rates. Results indicate the importance of both static and dynamic associations between disadvantage and crime, at both the neighborhood and city level.

scholarly journals Moving Home: Examining the Independent Effects of Individual- and Neighborhood-Level Residential Mobility on Recidivism in High-Risk Parolees

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (10) ◽  
pp. 2982-3005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory Breetzke ◽  
Devon Polaschek
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Residential Mobility ◽  
Social Disorganization ◽  
Contextual Factor ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
The Social ◽  
Independent Effects ◽  
Neighborhood Level

A number of studies have shown that the residential mobility of an offender postrelease can significantly influence recidivism. Research has also shown how the mobility of neighborhoods into which offenders are released is an important contextual factor that predicts recidivism. Within the social disorganization framework, this study combines these lines of research by examining the effect of both individual- and neighborhood-level residential mobility on recidivism for a cohort of high-risk prisoners released on parole in New Zealand. Using multilevel analysis techniques, we found that neither immediate individual-level residential mobility nor neighborhood-level mobility was associated with recidivism after controlling for various multilevel predictors. A number of individual- and neighborhood-level variables were predictive of recidivism, including the number of parole conditions placed on the released offender, and the percent foreign born in their neighborhood. These results are discussed within the context of an increasingly eclectic and diverse country.

Examining the Effects of Individual-Level and Neighborhood-Level Characteristics on the Variability of Substance Use Rates and Changes

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-355
Author(s):  
Adrian M. Jones ◽  
Richard E. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Social Learning ◽  
Social Disorganization ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Deviant Peers ◽  
Hard Drug ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Neighborhood Level

We use social learning, self-control, and social disorganization theories to explain substance use among urban adolescents. Using a sample of 2,048 adolescents and young adults from the Project in Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, we develop and test longitudinal growth models that examine how respondent and neighborhood characteristics relate to rates and changes of tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, and hard drug use. We find empirical support for social learning and self-control theories in relation to substance use rates, but no support for social disorganization theory. In addition, we find evidence that deviant peers, self-control, and concentrated disadvantage are associated with respondent changes in substance use. We discuss these findings in relation to the three theories that informed our study.

A Time-Space Stream of DACA Benefits and Barriers Gleaned From the American Community Survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-164
Author(s):  
Richard C. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Mexican Americans ◽  
National Level ◽  
State Level ◽  
Work Force ◽  
The United States ◽  
Community Survey ◽  
Control Group ◽  
American Community Survey ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Time Space

This study investigates the educational and economic attainment of Mexican Dreamers over the 4 years since DACA was implemented (2012–2016). A time-space stream of benefits and barriers is evaluated at the national, state, and individual levels. Based on assumptions linking the DACA-eligible to DACA recipients, I examine the annual American Community Survey (ACS) to glean insights not provided elsewhere. At national level, the results suggest that young Mexican Dreamers entered the workforce at higher rates, but college at lower rates, than a control group of Mexican Americans. At state level, in supportive states these Dreamers entered college at higher rates but the work force at slightly lower rates, than they did in restrictive states. At the individual level, it is revealed that DACA strongly promoted college over work for women, but just the reverse for men. These distinctions are bringing about new inequalities within the Mexican Dreamer community in the United States.

scholarly journals Area- and Individual-Level Correlates of Self-Rated Health: Implications for Geographic Health Disparities

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 215013272110397
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Moss ◽  
Siddhartha Roy ◽  
Karl T. Clebak ◽  
Julie Radico ◽  
Jarrett Sell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Community Survey ◽  
Multilevel Logistic Regression ◽  
American Community Survey ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Primary Care Clinics ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
Community Data ◽  
Retail Establishment ◽  
Fair Poor

Background Self-rated health (SRH) is a common measure of overall health. However, little is known about multilevel correlates of physical and mental SRH. Methods Patients attending primary care clinics completed a survey before their appointment, which we linked to community data from American Community Survey and other sources (n = 455). We conducted multilevel logistic regression to assess correlates of excellent/very good versus good/fair/poor physical and mental SRH. Results 43.9% of participants had excellent/very good physical SRH, and 55.2% had excellent/very good mental SRH. Physical SRH was associated with age (odds ratio[OR] = 0.82 per 10 years; 95% confidence interval[CI] = 0.72-0.93) and community correlates, including retail establishment density (OR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.90-0.99) and percent of students eligible for free/reduced lunch (OR = 1.60, 95% CI = 1.08-2.38) (all P < .05). Mental SRH was not associated with any characteristics. Conclusions Practitioners in public health, social work, and medicine could use zip codes to intervene in patients and communities to improve physical SRH.

Latino Continual Demographic Growth: Implications for Educational Practices and Policy

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-148
Author(s):  
Rogelio Sáenz
Keyword(s):  
Undocumented Students ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Community Survey ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
Educational Practices ◽  
American Community Survey ◽  
Undergraduate Enrollment ◽  
Demographic Shifts ◽  
Demographic Growth ◽  
The U.S

Demographic shifts have transformed the racial and ethnic composition of the U.S. undergraduate population. Data from the American Community Survey are used to analyze Latino undergraduate enrollment as well as factors that contribute to the matriculation of undocumented Latino young adults. The article concludes with an overview of the implications of the growth of the Latino population and the experience of undocumented students on educational practices and policies.

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