scholarly journals Implicit Black-Weapon Associations Weakened Over Time in Increasingly Multiethnic Metropolitan Areas

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Somo ◽  
Melody Sadler ◽  
Thierry Devos
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Multilevel Model ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Implicit Associations ◽  
Equal Proportion ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Census Tracts ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
Over Time

A repeated cross-sectional design was used to examine whether temporal changes in implicit Black-weapon associations were dependent on the changing ethnic diversity of metropolitan areas over the course of a decade (2009-2018). Data on implicit Black-weapon associations were obtained from Project Implicit. Three indicators of ethnic diversity were calculated using American Community Survey data. Minority representation referred to the proportion of African American residents. Variety was operationalized as the degree to which six ethnic groups each accounted for an equal proportion of the population. Integration assessed the degree to which ethnic groups were evenly distributed across census tracts making up the metropolitan area. Multilevel model analyses (N = 345,647 participants, nested within 185 metropolitan areas) revealed that implicit Black-weapon associations weakened over time, and to a larger degree in metropolitan areas characterized by steeper increases in variety. This longitudinal relationship is consistent with the notion that, as metropolitan areas become more multiethnic, implicit associations between crime, danger, or violence and Black Americans decline.

scholarly journals Ethnic Diversity Matters: Putting Implicit Associations between Weapons and Ethnicity in Context

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melody Sadler ◽  
Thierry Devos
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Black Americans ◽  
Implicit Associations ◽  
White Americans ◽  
Implicit Stereotypes ◽  
Multiple Dimensions ◽  
Local Contexts ◽  
Neighborhood Level

Weapons are implicitly associated with Black Americans. We examined the extent to which this implicit stereotype fluctuates as a function of the ethnic diversity of contexts. Across 351 U.S. metropolitan areas, we tested whether three distinct indicators of ethnic diversity predicted implicit associations between the concept of “weapons” (vs. “harmless objects”) and Black Americans vs. White Americans. As predicted, implicit Black-weapon stereotypes were weaker in areas characterized by the presence of multiple ethnic groups (variety) and greater dispersion of ethnic groups at the neighborhood level (integration). Additionally, the negative association between integration and implicit stereotypes was strongest when minority representation was low compared to high. Considering multiple dimensions of ethnic diversity proved useful to document reliable relations between implicit associations and characteristics of local contexts.

scholarly journals Ethnic diversity matters: Putting implicit associations between weapons and ethnicity in context

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melody Sadler ◽  
Thierry Devos
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Black Americans ◽  
Implicit Associations ◽  
White Americans ◽  
Implicit Stereotypes ◽  
Multiple Dimensions ◽  
Local Contexts ◽  
Neighborhood Level

Weapons are implicitly associated with Black Americans. We examined the extent to which this implicit stereotype fluctuates as a function of the ethnic diversity of contexts. Across 351 U.S. metropolitan areas, we tested whether three distinct indicators of ethnic diversity predicted implicit associations between the concept of “weapons” (vs. “harmless objects”) and Black Americans vs. White Americans. As predicted, implicit Black–weapon stereotypes were weaker in areas characterized by the presence of multiple ethnic groups (variety) and greater dispersion of ethnic groups at the neighborhood level (integration). Additionally, the negative association between integration and implicit stereotypes was strongest when minority representation was low compared to high. Considering multiple dimensions of ethnic diversity proved useful to document reliable relations between implicit associations and characteristics of local contexts.

scholarly journals An Epidemiological Study on Factors Influencing Gaming Disorder- an Online Cross- Sectional Design

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rabbanie Tariq Wani ◽  
Imrose Rashid
Keyword(s):  
Epidemiological Study ◽  
Online Gaming ◽  
Gaming Disorder ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background: Gaming disorders have increased over time due to easy availability of online gaming. The aim of this study is to determine the factors influencing the gaming disorders. Methods: An online questionnaire was circulated on gaming platforms for the assessment as per IGD20 & DSM5 criteria. Results: A significant correlation was found between duration of play and gaming disorders (r= 0.131, p<0.05). The scores were concurrent as per IGD20 and DSM5 criteria. Conclusion: Undiagnosed gaming disorder among gamers needs to be addressed. Duration of playing of games also needs to be checked inorder to reduce the prevalence of gaming disorders.

scholarly journals Breast-feeding patterns of ethnic groups in rural western China

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (18) ◽  
pp. 3386-3393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pengfei Qu ◽  
Ting Wang ◽  
Fang Liu ◽  
Shaonong Dang ◽  
Lengxia Zeng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Hazard Ratio ◽  
Western China ◽  
Feeding Pattern ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Exclusive Breast Feeding ◽  
Cross Sectional Design

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the breast-feeding pattern of four main ethnic groups (the Han, Uygur, Tibetan and Zhuang) living in rural western China.DesignThe study utilized a cross-sectional design.SettingForty-five counties in ten provinces in western China in 2005.SubjectsA sample of 11 783 children younger than 36 months old (8960 Han, 1281 Uygur, 792 Tibetan and 750 Zhuang) and their mothers were recruited using a stratified, multistage, cluster random sampling method.ResultsThe rates of exclusive breast-feeding of children at 6 months of age in the Han, Uygur, Tibetan and Zhuang ethnic groups were 11·6 %, 0·8 %, 4·4 % and 13·8 %, respectively. The rates of any breast-feeding for children at 24 months of age were 8·5 %, 25·7 %, 3·0 % and 4·3 % in the four ethnic groups, respectively. After adjusting for related factors, Zhuang children had a higher odds ratio of exclusive breast-feeding to 6 months compared with Han children, whereas Uygur and Tibetan children had lower odds ratio (Zhuang: OR=1·291; 95 % CI 1·006, 1·657; Uugur: OR=0·062; 95 % CI 0·032, 0·121; Tibetan: OR=0·323; 95 % CI 0·220, 0·475). Uygur children had a lower hazard ratio of discontinued breast-feeding compared with Han children, whereas Tibetan children had a higher hazard ratio (Uygur: HR=0·368; 95 % CI 0·333, 0·408; Tibetan: HR=1·366; 95 % CI 1·244, 1·500).ConclusionsThe breast-feeding pattern differed among the Han, Uygur, Tibetan and Zhuang ethnic groups. The results suggest that health education regarding the benefits of breast-feeding is needed in rural western China.

Partitioning Ethnic Groups and their Members: Explaining Variations in Satisfaction with Democracy in Africa

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentin Gold
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Multilevel Model ◽  
National Level ◽  
National Context ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Satisfaction With Democracy ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Over Time

AbstractThis article examines the conditions that influence citizens’ satisfaction with democracy in Africa. In the analysis, individual, ethnic group, and national context determinants are combined in a multilevel model allowing a comparative analysis over time, countries, ethnic groups, and individuals. Using Afrobarometer survey data along with ethnic group-level and national-level data, I show that factors shaping citizens’ satisfaction can be found on each contextual level. To a large extent, perceived economic and political inequalities between ethnic groups explain variations in citizens’ satisfaction.

scholarly journals Context Diversity Predicts the Extent to Which the American Identity Is Implicitly Associated with Asian Americans and European Americans

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thierry Devos ◽  
Melody Sadler
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Asian Americans ◽  
Asian American ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
American Identity ◽  
Minority Representation ◽  
European Americans ◽  
Using Data

Prior research documents that Asian Americans are implicitly seen as less American than European Americans (implicit American = White effect). The aim of the present research was to test whether this effect is weaker in more ethnically diverse metropolitan areas. Data from the 2010 U.S. Census were utilized to compute three indicators of context ethnic diversity: minority representation, variety, and integration. Implicit ethnic-American associations were assessed using data collected through Project Implicit. A total of 304 metropolitan areas were included in the analyses. The sample (N = 271,006) included 44.8% White and 31.7% Asian participants; it was composed mostly of relatively young adults (M = 26.54, SD = 11.16) and included more women (60.9%) than men. Respondents completed an Implicit Association Test measuring associations between the concepts “American” vs. “foreign” and two ethnic groups (“Asian American” vs. “European American”). Data were analyzed using multilevel modeling. The implicit American = White effect was less pronounced in metropolitan areas characterized by higher proportions of Asian Americans (minority representation). The presence of multiple ethnic groups (variety) was associated with a weaker implicit American = White effect only when minority representation was high. Greater dispersion of ethnic groups at the neighborhood level (integration) was not a source of reliable variation in implicit ethnic-American associations. These findings highlight the value of a multi-faceted perspective on context ethnic diversity. The extent to which the American identity is implicitly associated with Asian Americans and European Americans fluctuates as a function of socio-structural characteristics of local contexts.

The Multilevel Effects of Changes in Disadvantage on Changes in Crime

2021 ◽  
pp. 001112872110475
Author(s):  
Marin R. Wenger
Keyword(s):  
Social Disorganization ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Community Survey ◽  
Social Disorganization Theory ◽  
American Community Survey ◽  
Neighborhood Crime ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Census Tracts ◽  
Multilevel Effects ◽  
Over Time

While social disorganization theory suggests the importance of change, most prior research examining macro-level criminological associations uses cross-sectional data. The current study examines the multilevel relationship between changes in disadvantage and changes in crime over time using four data sources: the National Neighborhood Crime Study, the 2000 U.S. Census, crime-incidents occurring between 2005 and 2009, and the 2005–2009 American Community Survey. Analyzing 6,068 census tracts within 53 large U.S. cities using multilevel models with time nested within tracts nested within cities, I parse out the contribution of changes in tract-level disadvantage from city-level disadvantage to changes in robbery and burglary rates. Results indicate the importance of both static and dynamic associations between disadvantage and crime, at both the neighborhood and city level.

scholarly journals Stigmatising views towards individuals with eating disorders: trends and associations from 1998 to 2008 using a repeated cross-sectional design

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Jennifer Guy ◽  
Helen Bould ◽  
Glyn Lewis ◽  
Francesca Solmi
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Alcohol Dependence ◽  
Help Seeking ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Sociodemographic Characteristics ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
Over Time

Background Eating disorders are stigmatised. Little is known about whether stigma has decreased over time and which groups hold more stigmatising beliefs. Aims To explore whether stigma towards eating disorders has changed between 1998 and 2008 and whether it varies by sociodemographic characteristics. Method We used the Office for National Statistics Omnibus surveys 1998 and 2008. As outcomes, we selected four questions eliciting participants’ views on issues of blame and ability to recover, and compared their mean scores across eating disorders, depression and alcohol dependence in both years. We used multivariable linear regressions to investigate associations between sociodemographic characteristics and each stigma domain. Results In total, 2720 participants had data on all variables of interest. Compared with 1998, in 2008 stigmatising views towards eating disorders improved. In both years, participants believed it was easier to recover from eating disorders than depression or alcohol dependence. Respondents believed people with eating disorders were more to blame for their condition than those with depression, but less than those with alcohol dependence. Men, those with less formal education, and those from ethnic minority backgrounds were more likely to place greater blame on individuals for their mental illness. Men were more likely than women to think it was possible to recover from an eating disorder. Conclusions Stigmatising attitudes towards people with eating disorders have improved over time, but are still greater than those observed for other mental illnesses. Improving eating disorder mental health literacy could help to reduce these negative views and lead to improved quality of life, greater help-seeking and better prognosis.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Linear Anthropometric Body Features of the Igbo, Ijaw and Yoruba Ethnic Groups of Southern Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 78-89
Author(s):  
P. D. Okoh ◽  
M. A. Amadi
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Continuous Variables ◽  
Anthropometric Parameters ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Southern Nigeria ◽  
Standard Linear ◽  
Cross Sectional Design

Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate and compare the linear anthropometric body features of the Igbo, Ijaw and Yoruba, the three major ethnic groups in Southern Nigeria. The research design was a cross-sectional design. Methodology: The study made use of a total number of one thousand two hundred (1200) subjects divided into four hundred (400) subjects randomly selected from each of the Igbo, Yoruba and Ijaw ethnic groups of southern Nigeria whose ages ranged between 21 to 40 years with BMI of 18.50 to 30.00. Due to bone density, subjects whose BMI fell within the category of overweight according to conventional BMI classification, looked apparently healthy and were included in the study. Determination of minimum sample size was done using the Taro Yamane’s formula. BMI and linear body anthropometric measurements were taken using stadiometer, calibrated flexible meter tape, meter rule and weighing scale. Statistical analysis was done using statistical package for the social science (SPSS version 25.0) and Microsoft Excel 2019. Continuous variables were presented as mean±SD; minimum and maximum. Age was grouped into two categories (21 – 30 and 31 – 40) years. Body Mass Index (BMI) was also grouped into two; normal weight and slightly overweight. Independent sample t-test was thus carried out to determine significant difference in the measured anthropometric variables across age and BMI groups. Confidence interval was set at 95%, therefore p< 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Results were presented in charts and tables. Variations were observed across the different ethnic groups. Age related changes and variations in BMI were also observed in the anthropometric parameters studied. On comparison with other racial populations, certain parameters were close while most showed marked variation which underscores racial variation. Though certain degree of variation was observed across the three negroid ethnic groups, it is not adequate to subcategorise these Southern Nigerian ethnic groups. Conclusion: These anthropometric values not only provide a description of the standard linear anthropometric body features of southern Nigeria but could find use in anthropological and medical studies, standardization of anatomical models as well as in the design of products to fit this negroid population.

scholarly journals Executive Functions and Body Weight at Different Ages: A Preliminary Study

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1174
Author(s):  
Francesca Favieri ◽  
Eunice Chen ◽  
Maria Casagrande
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Over Time

Recently, researchers have focused their attention on the role of cognitive processes on eating habits and body weight changes. Few studies have examined the relationship between the first stages of overweight and executive functions (EFs), excluding obesity conditions. This study is aimed to detect the involvement of the EFs and their predictive role on body mass index (BMI) in a sample of healthy individuals from childhood to young adulthood with a cross-sectional design. One-hundred and sixty-six healthy students were recruited from different Italian public schools: 46 children (age range: 7–11), 50 adolescents (age range: 15–18), 70 young adults (age range: 19–30). BMI was used to evaluate body weight and different EFs tasks were used to assess the EFs domains of inhibition, updating and shifting. After adjusting BMI for age, a hierarchical multiple linear regression was carried out for each EFs task. Pearson’s r correlations were reported for each of the age subgroups. Motor disinhibition was associated with greater BMI in the overall sample. Higher BMI was related to poorer set-shifting in adolescence and poorer motor inhibition in young adulthood, but higher BMI was not associated with EFs in childhood. Differences in the development of EFs over time may influence weight changes over time through different responses to food and eating behavior.

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