The Effects of Contact with Handicapped Persons on Young Children's Attitudes

1986 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 224-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beverly G. Esposito ◽  
Thomas M. Reed
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Program Analysis ◽  
Integration Program ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Children's Attitudes

A survey designed to measure attitudes toward handicapped persons was administered to 92 young, nonhandicapped children. Nine of the subjects, who had previously reported more favorable attitudes as a result of participation in a structured integration program, continued to demonstrate these gains 2 years later. The remaining 83 subjects had never participated in a structured integration program. Analysis of the responses of the 92 children according to type of contact and the time at which contact occurred suggested that contact per se, regardless of type or timing, can produce more favorable attitudes among young children than an absence of contact.

scholarly journals Importance of being persistent. Should transgender children be allowed to transition socially?

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (10) ◽  
pp. 654-661
Author(s):  
Simona Giordano
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Moral Principle ◽  
Social Transition ◽  
Bodily Harm ◽  
Gender Transition ◽  
Gender Diverse ◽  
Do No Harm ◽  
Per Se ◽  
The Right

Studies suggest that the majority of gender diverse children (up to 84%) revert to the gender congruent with the sex assigned at birth when they reach puberty. These children are now known in the literature as ‘desisters’. Those who continue in the path of gender transition are known as ‘persisters’. Based on the high desistence rates, some advise being cautious in allowing young children to present in their affirmed gender. The worry is that social transition may make it difficult for children to de-transition and thus increase the odds of later unnecessary medical transition. If this is true, allowing social transition may result in an outright violation of one of the most fundamental moral imperatives that doctors have: first do no harm. This paper suggests that this is not the case. Studies on desistence should inform clinical decisions but not in the way summarised here. There is no evidence that social transition per se leads to unnecessary medical transition; so should a child persist, those who have enabled social transition should not be held responsible for unnecessary bodily harm. Social transition should be viewed as a tool to find out what is the right trajectory for the particular child. Desistence is one possible outcome. A clinician or parent who has supported social transition for a child who later desists will have not violated, but acted in respect of the moral principle of non-maleficence, if the choice made appeared likely to minimise the child’s overall suffering and to maximise overall the child’s welfare at the time it was made.

scholarly journals An investigation of the music activity preferences of pre-school children

2000 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nita Temmerman
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
School Children ◽  
Level Of Involvement ◽  
Life Attitudes ◽  
Children's Attitudes ◽  
Activity Preferences ◽  
Important Objective ◽  
Musical Activities

Life attitudes to, level of involvement with and success in musical learning are all tied to first musical experiences. Consequently an important objective in the planning of any musical programme for young children is to acknowledge their interests in and attitudes to different musical activities. The purpose of this investigation was to determine young children's attitudes to musical activities included in their pre-school musical programme. In particular it sought to discern if preferences exist for certain activities. What emerged from the investigation is that pre-school children generally appear to respond favourably towards involvement in all musical activities but that preferences do exist for moving and playing based activities.

Becoming a face expert

1992 ◽  
Vol 335 (1273) ◽  
pp. 95-103 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Inversion Effect ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Pattern Encoding ◽  
Distinguishing Features ◽  
Age Related Changes ◽  
Basic Configuration

Young children do not form representations of newly encountered faces as efficiently as do adults. A first step in explaining this difference, like any age-related change, is locating its source. A major source of the improvement is acquisition of knowledge of faces per se , as opposed to age-related changes in general pattern encoding or memorial skills. Two consequences of expertise at individualizing members of classes that share a basic configuration are known: a large inversion effect and a caricature advantage. It is possible that both of these effects reflect increased reliance, with expertise, on configuration distinguishing features. Several phenomena that indicate that inversion interferes with the encoding of configural aspects of faces are reviewed. Finally, developmental data are presented that confirm the suspicion that there are at least two distinct sources of the vulnerability of face encoding to inversion, perhaps reflecting two distinct senses of ‘configural encoding’ of faces, only one of which is implicated in adult expertise at face encoding.

Candy Cigarettes: Do They Encourage Children's Smoking?

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-31
Author(s):  
Jonathan D. Klein ◽  
Billie Forehand ◽  
Janice Oliveri ◽  
Charlotte J. Patterson ◽  
Janis B. Kupersmidt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Snack Foods ◽  
Smoking Behaviors ◽  
Children's Attitudes ◽  
Group Interviews ◽  
Attitudes Toward Smoking

Candy and bubble gum cigarettes are packaged to resemble cigarette brands, and so they may encourage young children to smoke. Two studies of the role of these products in the development of children's attitudes and behaviors toward smoking were conducted. In the first study, six focus group interviews were conducted with 25 children in three age groups (4 through 5, 6 through 8, and 9 through 11 years old). Children in each group were shown five candy and snack foods and asked about their opinions and experiences with each item. In the second study, 195 seventh-grade students in a southeastern city school system were surveyed about their cigarette smoking and candy cigarette use. In the focus groups, candy cigarettes were recognized by most children. Young children played with the candy cigarettes more than with other candy or snack items and made general references to smoking behaviors. Older children made favorable references to smoking behavior; most knew which stores sold candy cigarettes, and many had chosen to buy and use these items, despite parental disapproval. Candy cigarettes may play a role in the development of children's attitudes toward smoking as an acceptable, favorable, or normative behavior. Elimination of these products should be part of efforts to prevent initiation of smoking by children.

The acquisition of social deixis: children's usages of ‘kin’ terms in Maharashtra, India

1984 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony T. Carter
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Observational Learning ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Household Members ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Social Deixis ◽  
Address System

ABSTRACTIn relatively unstructured interviews, Maratha and Brahmin children in Maharashtra, India, are asked to identify and to speak about household members, relatives, friends, and neighbours. It is argued that characteristic features of the usages and definitions of so-called ‘kin’ terms of young children as compared to those of adults reflect not only an incomplete grasp of the adult system of kinship reference, but also a quite accurate understanding of the deictic system of address in which kinship per se plays at most a peripheral role. It is further argued that, following Silverstein and Levinson, pragmatic rules of use play a major role in this address system and that, pace Piaget and others, these rules are acquired by a form of observational learning which requires that children be able to take another's point of view.

scholarly journals Promoting positive intergroup attitudes using persona dolls: A vicarious contact intervention program in Israeli kindergartens

2021 ◽  
pp. 136843022110058
Author(s):  
Meytal Nasie ◽  
Margalit Ziv ◽  
Gil Diesendruck
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Intervention Program ◽  
Test Battery ◽  
Intergroup Bias ◽  
Intergroup Attitudes ◽  
Indirect Contact ◽  
Knowledge And Attitudes ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Children's Attitudes ◽  
Group Characteristics

This study evaluated the effectiveness of a vicarious contact intervention program for improving knowledge and attitudes of Jewish-Israeli secular and religious children regarding their ingroup and three outgroups: secular/religious Jews, Ethiopian-descendant Jews, and Arabs. One hundred and nine kindergartners participated in a four-week intervention, in which experimenters introduced to them four persona dolls representing the different groups. Accompanied by stories, children were exposed to the dolls’ individual and group characteristics, and to positive encounters between the dolls. A pre- and post-test battery assessed the intervention’s effects on children’s intergroup knowledge and attitudes. Findings revealed an increase in children’s knowledge of the groups, improvements in religious children’s attitudes towards Arabs, and in both secular and religious children’s willingness to sit closer to Ethiopian-descendant children. These findings highlight the potential of indirect contact for reducing intergroup bias in young children living in multicultural and conflict-ridden societies.

Postverbal subjects in child Italian: Argument structure, discourse and the definiteness effect

2021 ◽  
pp. 014272372110542
Author(s):  
Alex Cairncross ◽  
Lena Dal Pozzo
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Argument Structure ◽  
Choice Task ◽  
New Information ◽  
Developmental Issue ◽  
Forced Choice Task ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Italian Children ◽  
Information Focus ◽  
Definiteness Effect

While previous work on postverbal subjects in Italian has shown that young children are sensitive to the effects of argument structure and definiteness, little is known about the acquisition of postverbal subjects at the VP-periphery. In response, the present study investigated such subjects under new-information focus by monolingual Italian children (6;1 – 7;4). For this, we employed an elicitation task and a forced-choice task. The results indicated that the children use postverbal subjects at the VP-periphery felicitously, although they do not perform at ceiling. Unexpectedly, the results also suggested possible remnant difficulty with the definiteness effect. However, after comparison with adult data we argue that this is not a developmental issue and instead may suggest that our children were aware that the definiteness effect is not about definiteness per se.

Talk about talk with young children: pragmatic socialization in two communities in Norway and the US

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
VIBEKE GRØVER AUKRUST
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Reported Speech ◽  
The Us ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Discourse Management ◽  
At Home

Recent studies have suggested that cultures vary in subtle ways in the talk about talk that children hear and learn to produce. Twenty-two three-year-old children and their families in respectively Oslo, Norway and Cambridge, Massachusetts were observed during mealtime with the aim of identifying talk-focused talk. The analysis distinguished talk about (a) language per se, (b) discourse management, and (c) former conversations and use of reported speech. No category of talk-focused talk appeared exclusively in either community, and the frequency of such talk was similar across these. The Oslo families talked more often about language per se and their talk-focused conversations typically had a question–answer form. Talk about talk appeared more often within narratives in Oslo and within explanations in Cambridge. A second analysis compared talk-focused talk at home with such talk at school, suggesting that talk about language per se appeared more often at school across the two communities.

Origin of Hepatic Nuclear Inclusion Bodies

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 426-427
Author(s):  
F. G. Zaki ◽  
J. A. Greenlee ◽  
C. H. Keysser
Keyword(s):  
Inclusion Bodies ◽  
Storage Disease ◽  
Glycogen Storage ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
Nuclear Inclusion ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Human Liver Cells ◽  
Microscopic Studies ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Experimental Liver

Nuclear inclusion bodies seen in human liver cells may appear in light microscopy as deposits of fat or glycogen resulting from various diseases such as diabetes, hepatitis, cholestasis or glycogen storage disease. These deposits have been also encountered in experimental liver injury and in our animals subjected to nutritional deficiencies, drug intoxication and hepatocarcinogens. Sometimes these deposits fail to demonstrate the presence of fat or glycogen and show PAS negative reaction. Such deposits are considered as viral products.Electron microscopic studies of these nuclei revealed that such inclusion bodies were not products of the nucleus per se but were mere segments of endoplasmic reticulum trapped inside invaginating nuclei (Fig. 1-3).

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