Candy Cigarettes: Do They Encourage Children's Smoking?

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-31
Author(s):  
Jonathan D. Klein ◽  
Billie Forehand ◽  
Janice Oliveri ◽  
Charlotte J. Patterson ◽  
Janis B. Kupersmidt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Snack Foods ◽  
Smoking Behaviors ◽  
Children's Attitudes ◽  
Group Interviews ◽  
Attitudes Toward Smoking

Candy and bubble gum cigarettes are packaged to resemble cigarette brands, and so they may encourage young children to smoke. Two studies of the role of these products in the development of children's attitudes and behaviors toward smoking were conducted. In the first study, six focus group interviews were conducted with 25 children in three age groups (4 through 5, 6 through 8, and 9 through 11 years old). Children in each group were shown five candy and snack foods and asked about their opinions and experiences with each item. In the second study, 195 seventh-grade students in a southeastern city school system were surveyed about their cigarette smoking and candy cigarette use. In the focus groups, candy cigarettes were recognized by most children. Young children played with the candy cigarettes more than with other candy or snack items and made general references to smoking behaviors. Older children made favorable references to smoking behavior; most knew which stores sold candy cigarettes, and many had chosen to buy and use these items, despite parental disapproval. Candy cigarettes may play a role in the development of children's attitudes toward smoking as an acceptable, favorable, or normative behavior. Elimination of these products should be part of efforts to prevent initiation of smoking by children.

Figural and Semantic Factors in Change in the Ebbinghaus Illusion across Four Age Groups of Children

1996 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia Zanuttini
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Ebbinghaus Illusion ◽  
Taxonomic Organization

Changes in the Ebbinghaus illusion across age groups have been studied with 80 children ( ns = 20) from 4 to 8 yr. old. The distortion, whose magnitude increases across age groups, depends on active cognitive comparative processes. In fact, if some cues make the geometrically identical inducing elements semantically different from the central one, the illusion decreases as older children develop conceptual categories. Across ages 4 to 8 years not only the magnitude of the illusion changes but also the interfering role of the taxonomic organization.

scholarly journals The Development of Causal Reasoning

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Muentener ◽  
Elizabeth Bonawitz
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Causal Reasoning ◽  
Causal Structure ◽  
Statistical Evidence ◽  
Causal Learning ◽  
Causal Relationships ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Very Young Children ◽  
The World

Research on the development of causal reasoning has broadly focused on accomplishing two goals: understanding the origins of causal reasoning, and examining how causal reasoning changes with development. This chapter reviews evidence and theory that aim to fulfill both of these objectives. In the first section, it focuses on the research that explores the possible precedents for recognizing causal events in the world, reviewing evidence for three distinct mechanisms in early causal reasoning: physical launching events, agents and their actions, and covariation information. The second portion of the chapter examines the question of how older children learn about specific causal relationships. It focuses on the role of patterns of statistical evidence in guiding learning about causal structure, suggesting that even very young children leverage strong inductive biases with patterns of data to inform their inferences about causal events, and discussing ways in which children’s spontaneous play supports causal learning.

scholarly journals 1105. Vibriocidal Titer Variation and Likelihood of Protection in Children Compared With Adults in a Cholera Endemic Area

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S331-S331
Author(s):  
Alaina Ritter ◽  
Fahima Chowdhury ◽  
Rachel Becker ◽  
Taufiq Bhuiyan ◽  
Ashraful Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Massachusetts General Hospital ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Baseline Serum ◽  
Household Contacts ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Training Grant

Abstract Background Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Children less than 5 years old have the highest disease burden of cholera in endemic areas. While children develop serum vibriocidal antibody responses to cholera vaccines, they derive less protection from vaccination compared with adults. The aim of our study was to determine whether the vibriocidal immune responses to V. cholerae infection are equally accurate as markers of protection in all age groups. Methods Cholera patients and their household contacts, who are known to be at high risk of V. cholerae infection, were enrolled between 2001 and 2017 in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Baseline vibriocidal titers were measured at the time of enrollment of household contacts, and participants were followed prospectively for development of V. cholerae infection. Results We studied 50 contacts < 5 years old (“young children”), 228 contacts 5–16 years old (“older children”), and 548 contacts > 16 years old (“adults”). The baseline serum vibriocidal titer was higher in contacts who remained uninfected from all age groups than in contacts who developed cholera during the follow-up period (young children: P = 0.0092; older children: P = 0.0003, adults: P = 0.0012). Conclusion We found that higher vibriocidal antibody titers were associated with protection against V. cholerae infection across all three age categories. These findings may help increase our understanding of the protective immune response against V. cholerae infection and have importance for future vaccine development strategies. Acknowledgments: This research was supported by Massachusetts General Hospital training grant T32AI007061. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

scholarly journals Chinese preschoolers’ ownership reasoning based on first possession heuristic

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0260335
Author(s):  
Zhanxing Li ◽  
Xiaoli Ni ◽  
Liqi Zhu ◽  
Jing Li
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Labor Condition ◽  
Heuristic Study ◽  
The Stability

First possession is a common heuristic people use to solve property conflicts. Previous studies examined whether young children judged ownership based on the first possession heuristic and its stability when conflicting with other cues such as labor, but few focused on the effects in the discovery context. In this study, we used two discovery stories which indicate the discovered object was not owned by anyone beforehand and investigated ownership reasoning with the first possession heuristic in Chinese 3- to 6-year-old preschoolers. By pitting the first possession cue against the labor cue, we investigated the stability of the first possession heuristic in young children’s ownership reasoning. The results showed that in the condition where there was only the first possession cue, both the younger and older groups used the first possession heuristic to reason about ownership. However, in the labor condition, 5- and 6-year-olds ceased to support the first possessor and turned to assign objects to the laborer, whereas 3-year-old children still insisted on the first possession heuristic (Study 1 and Study 2). Children across four age groups did not assign ownership to the person who just played with the object but did not modify it (Study 2). The results demonstrate that Chinese preschoolers understand the role of first possession in ownership assignment at an early age in the discovery context but the elderly preschoolers do not rely on the first possession cue when there are conflicting cues such as labor.

Why does relational binding improve across early childhood? Testing the effects of interference and sleep-filled delays

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan L. Benear ◽  
Chi Ngo ◽  
Ingrid R. Olson ◽  
Nora Newcombe
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Developmental Period ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Spatiotemporal Information ◽  
Episodic Memories ◽  
Over Time

Episodic memory consists of distinctive experiences, with specific spatiotemporal information about what happened maintained over time. These memories typically share overlapping elements in distinctive combinations. In this study, we evaluated: (1) whether overlapping elements pose a differential challenge for younger children; and (2) whether a sleep-filled delay stabilizes or even improves children’s episodic memories, and if so, whether effects vary by age. We compared memory for unique and overlapping pairs of visual stimuli, presented once to 4- and 6-year-old children, tested immediately and after a 24-hour delay. As expected, older children outperformed younger children, and both age groups performed worse on overlapping pairs. However, overlapping elements were not differentially problematic for young children, and a sleep-filled delay in testing resulted in decrements in memory performance, for both age groups on both pair types. Despite overall differences in accuracy, important aspects of episodic memory are similar across this key developmental period.

Acquisition of doubly articulated stops among Ga-speaking children

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-146
Author(s):  
Felix Kpogo ◽  
Virginia C. Mueller Gathercole ◽  
Jonathan Nsiah Tetteh
Keyword(s):  
Picture Naming ◽  
Speech Sound ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Better Than

Abstract This study investigates the acquisition of labio-velar stops by Ga-speaking children in Ghana. Such stops were elicited in initial, intervocalic, and pre-lateral positions through a picture naming task. Sixty Ga-dominant and Ga-English children at 5-, 61/2-, and 8-years of age were tested. All age groups showed some difficulty with the doubly articulated stops, but this was relative to voicing, phonological environment, age, and input. Performance on the voiceless labio-velar stop was better than on the voiced labio-velar stop, and better in intervocalic position than in word-initial and pre-lateral positions. Older children performed better than younger children and Ga-dominant children better than Ga-English children. Performance was better when children did not receive a prompt than when they did. Analysis of modifications reveals frequent processes of simplification to labial singleton stops, some voicing changes, and the occurrence of processes of vowel insertion between the stops and /l/. These findings are discussed in terms of universals of speech sound acquisition, the role of input, and the influence of language-specific factors on children’s performance.

Differences in Cyto- and Molecular Genetic Abnormalities between Children <2 Years and Older Children with Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

Blood ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 110 (11) ◽  
pp. 1830-1830
Author(s):  
Brian V. Balgobind ◽  
Iris H. Hollink ◽  
Dirk Reinhardt ◽  
Jutta Bradtke ◽  
Andrea Teigler-Schlegel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Normal Karyotype ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Ras Mutations ◽  
Genetic Abnormalities ◽  
Acute Myeloid

Abstract Young children (defined as &lt;2 years old) with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) do not differ in outcome when compared with older children with AML. Previously, distinct cytogenetic aberrations specific for AML in young children have been reported, such as t(7;12), and t(1;22), which is found exclusively in FAB M7. Moreover, young children with AML are characterized by a high frequency of 11q23-rearrangements. However, so far, no information is available on differences in the molecular genetic background of these two age groups. We therefore retrospectively investigated the distribution of different cytogenetic and molecular aberrations in a large cohort (n=435) of pediatric AML cases, of which 75 (17%) were young children. The predominant cytogenetic aberration in infant AML consisted of 11q23-rearrangements, which occurred in 44% of young children versus 17% in older children (p=&lt;0.005), without differences in the distribution of 11q23-translocation partners. We also found significant differences in other cytogenetic subgroups of AML between young and older children, i.e. normal karyotype, 5% vs. 18%, respectively (p=0.008) and complex karyotype, 12% vs. 5% (p=0.03). t(7;12) (n=3) and t(8;16) (n=3) were only detected in young children, in contrast to t(15;17) (n=16) and t(8;21) (n=44), which were only seen in older children. Patients were also screened for molecular abnormalities, including the mutational hotspots of c-KIT (n=229), FLT3 (n=230), N-RAS (n=187), K-RAS (n=187), PTPN11 (n=216), MLL-partial tandem duplications (MLL-PTD) (n=240) and NPM1 (n=291). In the overall cohort, a significantly different age distribution was found for NPM1 mutations (0% young vs. 9% in older children; p=0.05) and FLT3-ITD (0% vs. 21%, respectively; p=0.005). Mutations in the other genes showed no clear correlation with age. Several non-random associations between molecular and cytogenetic abnormalities were detected. 89% of c-KIT mutations were associated with core-binding factor AML in children ≥2 years old. In young children, 2/4 c-KIT-mutated cases were associated with an MLL-rearrangement. NPM1 and FLT3-ITD mutations in older children were significantly correlated with normal karyotype AML (57% of NPM1 mutations, and 75% of FLT3/ITD; p=&lt;0.005). In young children, 71% of RAS mutations were associated with an 11q23-rearrangement vs. 28% in older children (p=0.08). In older children however, 41% of the RAS mutations were associated with a normal karyotype. These data suggest that young children with AML are characterized by differences in the type and frequency of cytogenetic and molecular genetic abnormalities when compared with older children with AML, possibly reflecting differences in underlying biology between these age-groups. These differences may become clinically relevant in the era of molecularly targeted therapy.

scholarly journals Comparison of Memory B Cell, Antibody-Secreting Cell, and Plasma Antibody Responses in Young Children, Older Children, and Adults with Infection Caused by Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor Ogawa in Bangladesh

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 1317-1325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel T. Leung ◽  
Mohammad Arif Rahman ◽  
M. Mohasin ◽  
M. Asrafuzzaman Riyadh ◽  
Sweta M. Patel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Secreting Cell ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Antibody Secreting Cell ◽  
Plasma Antibody

ABSTRACTChildren bear a large component of the global burden of cholera. Despite this, little is known about immune responses to cholera in children, especially those under 5 years of age. Cholera vaccine studies have demonstrated lower long-term protective efficacy in young children than in older children and adults. Memory B cell (MBC) responses may correlate with duration of protection following infection and vaccination. Here we report a comparison of immune responses in young children (3 to 5 years of age;n= 17), older children (6 to 17 years of age;n= 17), and adults (18 to 60 years of age;n= 68) hospitalized with cholera in Dhaka, Bangladesh. We found that young children had lower baseline vibriocidal antibody titers and higher fold increases in titer between day 2 and day 7 than adults. Young children had higher baseline IgG plasma antibody levels toVibrio choleraeantigens, although the magnitudes of responses at days 7 and 30 were similar across age groups. As a surrogate marker for mucosal immune responses, we assessed day 7 antibody-secreting cell (ASC) responses. These were comparable across age groups, although there was a trend for older age groups to have higher levels of lipopolysaccharide-specific IgA ASC responses. All age groups developed comparable MBC responses toV. choleraelipopolysaccharide and cholera toxin B subunit at day 30. These findings suggest that young children are able to mount robust vibriocidal, plasma antibody, ASC, and MBC responses againstV. choleraeO1, suggesting that under an optimal vaccination strategy, young children could achieve protective efficacy comparable to that induced in adults.

What Made Sahar Scared?: Imaginary and Realistic Causes in Palestinian and American Children’s Concept for Fear

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 32-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary H. Kayyal ◽  
Sherri C. Widen
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Studies ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Cultural Difference ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Palestinian Children ◽  
American Children ◽  
Age And Sex

Young children associate fear with monsters, ghosts, and other imaginary creatures more than with real threats to safety, such as robbers or bullies – at least in Western societies. Cross-cultural studies are rare, are limited to older children, and have not asked if the role of the imagination extends to emotions other than fear. In this study, young Palestinian and American children (60 in each group, 3–7 years, age- and sex-matched) were asked to tell stories in which they generated a cause for fear as well as happiness, sadness, anger and surprise. Imaginary creatures were rarely cited as the cause of any emotion other than fear, but were cited frequently for fear by both Palestinians and Americans. There was also a cultural difference: Palestinians generated significantly fewer imaginary and more realistic causes for fear than did Americans. Thus, imaginary causes are a part of Palestinian children’s fear concept, but imaginary causes are not primary as they are for American children; for Palestinian children, realistic causes are primary in their fear concept.

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