scholarly journals The Recognizability and Localizability of Auditory Alarms: Setting Global Medical Device Standards

2017 ◽  
Vol 59 (7) ◽  
pp. 1108-1127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judy Edworthy ◽  
Scott Reid ◽  
Siné McDougall ◽  
Jonathan Edworthy ◽  
Stephanie Hall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Device ◽  
Design Principles ◽  
The Other ◽  
Relative Ease ◽  
Auditory Cognition ◽  
Single Exception ◽  
Audible Alarm ◽  
Principles Of Design

Objective Four sets of eight audible alarms matching the functions specified in IEC 60601-1-8 were designed using known principles from auditory cognition with the intention that they would be more recognizable and localizable than those currently specified in the standard. Background The audible alarms associated with IEC 60601-1-8, a global medical device standard, are known to be difficult to learn and retain, and there have been many calls to update them. There are known principles of design and cognition that might form the basis of more readily recognizable alarms. There is also scope for improvement in the localizability of the existing alarms. Method Four alternative sets of alarms matched to the functions specified in IEC 60601-1-8 were tested for recognizability and localizability and compared with the alarms currently specified in the standard. Results With a single exception, all prototype sets of alarms outperformed the current IEC set on both recognizability and localizability. Within the prototype sets, auditory icons were the most easily recognized, but the other sets, using word rhythms and simple acoustic metaphors, were also more easily recognized than the current alarms. With the exception of one set, all prototype sets were also easier to localize. Conclusion Known auditory cognition and perception principles were successfully applied to an existing audible alarm problem. Application This work constitutes the first (benchmarking) phase of replacing the alarms currently specified in the standard. The design principles used for each set demonstrate the relative ease with which different alarm types can be recognized and localized.

scholarly journals The Language of Romanian Politics: Reifying the Other

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-69
Author(s):  
Petru Ioan Marian
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Dominant Ideology ◽  
Relative Ease ◽  
Ideological Discourse

Abstract The dominant ideology of a society seems to possess the means to infiltrate an individual’s conscience with relative ease. From the perspective of the functions of language, we intend to investigate those fundamental characteristics of the ideological discourse that reify the left-right dichotomy in Romanian politics.

scholarly journals Kajian Implementasi Desain Universal Pada Taman Samarendah

Arsitektura ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Mafazah Noviana ◽  
Zakiah Hidayati
Keyword(s):  
Universal Design ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Design Principles ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Public Facility ◽  
Social Functions ◽  
City Parks ◽  
Seven Principles ◽  
Universal Principles ◽  
Principles Of Design

<p class="Abstract"><em>City Parks in terms of social functions can be used as a place for social interaction, a means for sports, play and recreation. As a public facility, city parks must accommodate all groups of people, ranging from normal people, children, disabled people and the elderly. One way to provide facilities for all visitors is to apply universal design principles. Universal design aims to facilitate everyone's life through the creation of products, the built environment and communication to be used by as many people as possible and provide added value for everyone. The purpose of this study is to examine the implementation of universal design principles in Taman Samarendah.The location of the study was in Taman Samarendah, using a descriptive qualitative research method. Seven principles of universal design and Permen PUPR No.14/PRT/2017 becomes the guideline and standardization in this study. The results of this study indicate that Samarendah Park has not fully applied the universal design principles and accessibility standards. The most universal principles of design that are not applied are the principle of tolerance for error and the principle of low physical effort. The principle that is most widely applied is the size and space for approach. </em></p>

Explaining Ethnic Political Participation

1979 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelson Kasfir
Keyword(s):  
Political Participation ◽  
Cultural Pluralism ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coup D'etat ◽  
Relative Ease ◽  
Political Analysis ◽  
Sudden Rise ◽  
Ethnic Category ◽  
The One

Most concepts of ethnicity are unsuitable for political analysis because they ignore either subjective or objective aspects, and because they ignore the fluid and situational nature of ethnicity. The approach flowing from the concept proposed here permits the observer to examine empirical variations that tend to be treated as rigid assumptions by modernization analysts on the one hand and class analysts on the other. The concept is applied to a study of the Nubians of Uganda because of the intermixture of class and ethnic features involved in their fall from status at the beginning of the colonial period and their subsequent sudden rise following the 1071 coup d'état of Idi Amin. The fairly recent creation of the Nubians as an ethnic category and the relative ease with which others can become members illustrate other features of the proposed concept of ethnicity. Finally, this concept is used to examine and criticize overly restrictive notions of ethnicity found in theories based upon both cultural pluralism and consociationalism.

scholarly journals Getting Better Hospital Alarm Sounds Into a Global Standard

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 4-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judy Reed Edworthy ◽  
Richard R. McNeer ◽  
Christopher L. Bennett ◽  
Roman Dudaryk ◽  
Siné J. P. McDougall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Device ◽  
End Users ◽  
Safety Standard ◽  
Constant Attention ◽  
Alarm Signals ◽  
Audible Alarm ◽  
Clinical Environments ◽  
Testing Potential ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Alarm Sounds

The reserved set of audible alarm signals embodied within the global medical device safety standard, IEC 60601-1-8, is known to be problematic and in need of updating. The current alarm signals are not only suboptimal, but there is also little evidence beyond learnability (which is known to be poor) that demonstrates their performance in realistic and representative clinical environments. In this article, we describe the process of first designing and then testing potential replacement audible alarm signals for IEC 60601-1-8, starting with the design of several sets of candidate sounds and initial tests on learnability and localizability, followed by testing in simulated clinical environments. We demonstrate that in all tests, the alarm signals selected for further development significantly outperform the current alarm signals. We describe the process of collecting considerably more data on the performance of the new sounds than exists for the current sounds, which ultimately will be of use to end users. We also reflect on the process and practice of working with the relevant committees and other practical issues beyond the science, which also need constant attention if the alarms we have developed are to be included successfully in an updated version of the standard.

Analysis of Equipment for Testing the Processability by Injection Molding of Plastics on the Basis of Axiomatic Design Principles

2019 ◽  
Vol 957 ◽  
pp. 437-444
Author(s):  
Adelina Hriţuc ◽  
Margareta Coteaţă ◽  
Oana Dodun ◽  
Gheorghe Nagîţ ◽  
Laurenţiu Slătineanu
Keyword(s):  
Injection Molding ◽  
Axiomatic Design ◽  
Design Principles ◽  
The Other ◽  
Manufacturing Processes ◽  
Functional Requirements ◽  
Constructive Solution ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Design Activities

The obtaining of information concerning the processability by injection of plastics could facilitate a better design of injection manufacturing processes of parts made of such materials. With this aim in view, equipment for testing the processability by injection of plastics was designed. On the other hand, there are known the possibilities of using the axiomatic design principles to solve equipment or various design activities problems. Within this paper, an evaluation of the complying with the requests of the axiomatic design by the designed equipment was developed. The axiom of independence of the functional requirements necessary to be achieved by the equipment was applied. The analysis allowed the formulation of some remarks concerning the fulfillment of some principles of axiomatic design by the constructive solution proposed for the equipment for testing the processability by injection of plastics.

scholarly journals Trends in Surgical and Beauty Masks for a Cleaner Environment

Cosmetics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierfrancesco Morganti ◽  
Vladimir Yudin ◽  
Gianluca Morganti ◽  
Maria-Beatrice Coltelli
Keyword(s):  
Medical Device ◽  
Biodegradable Polymers ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Medical Staff ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sense Of Direction ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Respiratory Droplets ◽  
Beauty Products

The surgical face mask (SFM) is a sheet medical device covering the mouth, nose and chin to protect the medical staff from the spread of respiratory droplets produced by the infective coughing or sneezing of hospitalized patients. On the other hand the beauty face mask (BFM) has been made by the same sheet but with a different aim—to protect the skin from pollution, acting as a hydrating and rejuvenation agent. Currently, both masks are made principally by non-biodegradable tissues, utilized to avoid the increasing great pollution invading our planet. Due to the diffusion of the current COVID-19 infection rate and the increasing consumption of skin care and beauty products, the waste of these masks, made principally by petrol-derived polymers, is creating further intolerable waste-invaded land and oceans. After an introduction to the aims, differences and market of the various masks, their productive means and ingredients are reported. These news are believed necessary to give the reader the working knowledge of these products, in the context of the bioeconomy, to better understand the innovative tissues proposed and realized by the biobased and biodegradable polymers. Thus, the possibility of producing biodegradable SFMs and BFMs, characterized for their effective antimicrobial and skin repairing activities or hydrating and antiaging activity, respectively. These innovative smart and biodegradable masks are requested from the majority of consumers oriented towards a future green environment. Giving this new sense of direction to their production and consumption, it will be possible to reduce the current waste, ranging worldwide at about 2 billion tons per year.

Organic Sulfides and Polysulfides. III. Reactions with Amines

1958 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 615-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuji Minoura
Keyword(s):  
Aromatic Amines ◽  
Glycolic Acid ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Thioglycolic Acid ◽  
The Other ◽  
Relative Ease ◽  
Organic Sulfides ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Organic Polysulfides

Abstract 1. Mono-, di-, and trimethylamine when treated with benzyl and tolyl mercaptan give disufides ; on the other hand, thioglycolic acid gives the monosulfide. 2. Aniline and diphenylamine do not react with mercaptans or organic sulfides. 3. Mono-, di- and trimethylamine react with organic polysulfides. The tri- and tetrasulfides of the tolyl and benzyl series give disulfides by desulfurization. The glycolic acud sulfides are desulfurized to monosulfide. 4. The relative desulfurization activities of mono-, di- and trimethylamine are (CH3)3N &lt; CH3NH2 &lt; (CH3)2NH. This order is the same as for the basicity of these amines. Aromatic amines, because of their weak basicity, do not react with organic polysulfides. 5. The relative ease of desulfurization is in the order glycolic acid &gt; benzyl &gt; tolyl. The more sulfur a polysulfide contains, the more readily it desulfurizes. The mercaptan to disulfide reaction rate is faster than desulfurization of polysulfides.

Design Principles of a Four Bar Crank Continuously Variable Transmission

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Allan Yates
Keyword(s):  
Design Principles ◽  
Angular Speed ◽  
Continuously Variable Transmission ◽  
Drive Shaft ◽  
The Other ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Link Length ◽  
Peak Efficiency ◽  
Vector Solution ◽  
Variable Transmission

Continuously Variable Transmissions (CVTs) can be used to optimize the energy utilization of systems by allowing the prime mover to operate at speeds of peak efficiency while allowing the driven components to move at desired speeds. A CVT saves energy by reducing the off-peak efficiency of a system. The basic design principles of a Continuously Variable Transmission composed of a sequence of 4-bar cranks are discussed. The vector solution for 4-bar cranks is iteratively solved for a crank sequence to illustrate how different output speeds can be obtained from the same input speed. This is accomplished by varying the length of the connecting link on each 4-bar crank in the sequence. Solutions are plotted. Each 4-bar crank is located on the same drive shaft and the same driven shaft. Each crank has the same drive link length and the same driven crank length. A one way clutch located on each driven link transmits motion to the driven shaft. The cranks are positioned so that they are out of phase with each other so that only the fastest crank transmits motion, over-running all the other cranks. For a given length of the connecting link, the motion of the driven shaft is not uniform. This is due to the 4-bar crank transmission of peak speed. As one 4-bar crank moves, at some point the angular speed of the driven link will overtake the speed of the driven link on the other crank sets. It will then peak and then slow to be overtaken by another crank-set. The more evenly distributed crank-sets used the more uniform the motion will be. In this sense, a given length of connecting link for the sequence of cranks will generate an average drive shaft speed. If the length of the connecting link in a 4-bar crank is changed, a change in motion of the driven shaft will occur. By changing the length of the connecting link on the 4-bar cranks, the average speed of the driven shaft can be changed. A CVT is made by infinitesimally changing the length of the connecting link. This infinitesimal change is easily accomplished via standard components such as pneumatic or hydraulic cylinders or various other means.

The Byzantine Arts and Byzantine Literature

2021 ◽  
pp. 158-172
Author(s):  
Henry Maguire
Keyword(s):  
Visual Arts ◽  
The Other ◽  
Byzantine Art ◽  
Selective Realism ◽  
Principles Of Design ◽  
Complex Question ◽  
Early Byzantine

This chapter examines the relationships between literary and visual forms in Byzantium. Both in the Early and in the later Byzantine periods there were clear parallels between the ways that literary and visual compositions were structured, whether through the rhetorical techniques of repetition, variation, and acrostic in Early Byzantine art, or through comparison and antithesis along with the selective realism of ekphrasis and ethopoiia, after Iconoclasm. These parallels involved both fundamental principles of design and organization and more isolated instances of quotation, raising the complex question of whether one medium can be said to have exerted influence on the other, or whether the same forms occurred in literature and the visual arts as parallel expressions of common habits of thought.

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