RESEARCH NOTE: On Controlling Inert Gas Narcosis

1992 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry Fowler ◽  
Elizabeth Pang ◽  
Ian Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Constant Error ◽  
Conventional Wisdom ◽  
Research Note ◽  
Inert Gas ◽  
Perceptual Sensitivity ◽  
Variable Error ◽  
Influence Variable

Ten subjects breathed experimental mixtures of 20% and 35% nitrous oxide (N2O) balanced with oxygen and then aligned a pointer with a target using vision, kinesthesis, or combinations of these senses. In a prior session the subjects had been trained on the task with feedback while breathing N2O. The results showed that N2O did not influence variable error (VE), constant error, (CE), or absolute CE, but perceptual conditions influenced VE and absolute CE. These results suggest that the demonstration by Legge (1965) of changes in the variability and accuracy of matching on this task under N2O are indicative of changes in response bias and/or attention rather than perceptual sensitivity. It is argued that narcosis slows rather than distorts information processing. Slowing is accompanied by strategic changes that may be maladaptive. This suggests that, contrary to conventional wisdom, the safety and efficiency of divers exposed to narcosis could be improved with training.

Associations between collectivism and perception of social threat: a signal detection approach

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuong-Van Vu ◽  
Catrin Finkenauer ◽  
Lydia Krabbendam
Keyword(s):  
Signal Detection ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Social Adjustment ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Social Threat ◽  
Threat Detection ◽  
Perceptual Sensitivity ◽  
Detection Approach ◽  
Self Construal ◽  
The Individual

Collectivistic orientation, which entails interdependent self-construal and concern for interpersonal harmony and social adjustment, has been suggested to be associated with detecting emotional expressions that signal social threat than individualistic orientation, which entails independent self-construal. The present research tested if this detection is a result of enhanced perceptual sensitivity or of response bias. We used country as proxy of individualism and collectivism (Country IC), measured IC of individuals with a questionnaire (Individual IC) and manipulated IC with culture priming (Situational IC). Dutch participants in the Netherlands (n = 143) and Chinese participants in China (n = 151) performed a social threat detection task where they had to categorize ambiguous facial expressions as “angry” or “not angry”. As the stimuli varied in degrees of scowling and frequency of presentation, we were able to measure the participants' perceptual sensitivity and response bias following the principles of the Signal Detection Theory. On the Country IC level, the results indicated that individualism-representative Dutch participants had higher perceptual sensitivity than collectivism-representative Chinese participants; whereas, Chinese participants were more biased towards categorizing a scowling face as “angry” than the Dutch (i.e. stronger liberal bias). In both groups, collectivism on the Individual IC was associated with a bias towards recognizing a scowling face as “not angry” (i.e. stronger conservative bias). Culture priming (Situational IC) affected neither perceptual sensitivity nor response bias. Our data suggested that cultural differences were in the form of behavioral tendency and IC entails multiple constructs linked to different outcomes in social threat detection.

Effects of a Combination of Stances and Points of Aim on Putting Accuracy

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erich Gott ◽  
Carl Mc Gown
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Traditional Method ◽  
Constant Error ◽  
Popular Opinion ◽  
Variable Error ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Better Than

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of two putting stances (conventional versus side-saddle) and two points of aim (ball versus hole) on putting accuracy. Subjects (12 men, 4 women) were taught to putt using four methods: (a) conventional stance, eyes on the ball; (b) conventional stance, eyes on the hole; (c) side-saddle stance, eyes on the ball; and (d) side-saddle stance, eyes on the hole. Each subject practiced each method for 2 wk., after which they were tested for purring accuracy by counting putts made, determining constant error, and by calculating variable error. Accuracy was assessed at 5 and 15 ft. A 2 by 2 repeated-measures analysis of variance showed that there was no single combination of stance and point of aim that was significantly better than another at either distance. This suggests that, contrary to popular opinion, the traditional method of putting is not the best method for putting; other methods are equally as good and could be used if individually desired.

Perception of Danger Signals: The Role of Control

2004 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jochen Brandtstädter ◽  
Andreas Voss ◽  
Klaus Rothermund
Keyword(s):  
Response Bias ◽  
Signal Detection Theory ◽  
Search Task ◽  
Perceptual System ◽  
Perceptual Sensitivity ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
Experimental Procedure ◽  
Danger Signals ◽  
Experimental Game

Abstract. How does the perceptual system process stimuli that signal aversive outcomes or dangers? Considering the functional links between perception, attention, and action regulation, we posit that when people can avoid the aversive consequences, sensitivity of the perceptual system to danger signals should be enhanced, whereas it should be reduced when there is no such option. To test this prediction, we used a search task in which tachistoscopically presented conjunctions of features had to be detected. Parameters of sensitivity and response bias were analyzed drawing on procedures from signal detection theory. Although the experimental procedure rewarded correct responses, the predicted asymmetry emerged. For stimuli that were linked to a negative consequence (loss of points in the experimental game), perceptual sensitivity was enhanced when participants had the opportunity to neutralize the loss in a second task; an opposite pattern emerged when they had no such opportunity.

Middle ear gas exchange in isobaric counterdiffusion

1979 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 1239-1244 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. Dueker ◽  
C. J. Lambertsen ◽  
J. J. Rosowski ◽  
J. C. Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Tympanic Membrane ◽  
Eustachian Tube ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Inert Gas ◽  
Pressure Measurements ◽  
Gas Sampling ◽  
Gas Space ◽  
Counter Diffusion

Nitrous oxide entry into the middle ear gas space was studied in cats in relation to anesthesia and the vestibular dysfunction caused by isobaric inert gas counter-diffusion in diving. A catheter implanted in the auditory bulla was used for direct gas sampling and pressure measurements. Experiments were designed to evaluate the participation of the eustachian tube, mucosal blood vessels, and tympanic membrane in middle ear gas exchange. The eustachian tube did not contribute to N2O entry and the mucosal blood supply only contributed about one-third of the total N2O accumulation. Diffusion across the tympanic membrane accounted for most of the N2O entering the middle ear from ambient and respiratory environments containing N2O.

Reconsideration of Measurement of Error in Human Motor Learning

1988 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 568-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darryl A. Crabtree ◽  
Laura R. Antrim
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Error Analysis ◽  
Constant Error ◽  
Mean Absolute Error ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Error Measurement ◽  
Variable Error ◽  
Human Motor ◽  
Parsimonious Model

Human motor learning is often measured by error scores. The convention of using mean absolute error, mean constant error, and variable error shows lack of desirable parsimony and interpretability. This paper provides the background of error measurement and states criticisms of conventional methodology. A parsimonious model of error analysis is provided, along with operationalized interpretations and implications for motor learning. Teaching, interpreting, and using error scores in research may be simplified and facilitated with the model.

Coincident Timing by Nondisabled, Mentally Retarded, and Traumatic Brain-Injured Individuals under Varying Target-Exposure Conditions

1995 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 487-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald Croce ◽  
Michael Horvat ◽  
Glenn Roswal
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Constant Error ◽  
Mentally Retarded ◽  
Viewing Distance ◽  
Target Exposure ◽  
Brain Injured ◽  
Exposure Conditions

Coincident timing by 15 nondisabled individuals, 15 mentally retarded and 15 traumatically brain injured was measured under varying target-exposure conditions. Absolute constant error, constant error, and variable error were analyzed in separate repeated-measures analyses of variance for early performance (first block of practice), late performance (last block of practice), and retention (last block of retention). Subjects with mental retardation displayed the least accurate and most variable coincident-timing responses. Nondisabled subjects were most influenced by target-exposure time; subjects with traumatic brain injury were most influenced by target-viewing distance; and subjects with mental retardation were most influenced by a combination of target velocity and target-viewing distance. Subjects with mental retardation displayed a too-early response bias, while nondisabled subjects tended to have a too-late response bias. Individuals with traumatic brain injury had a variable response bias.

Four Positive Effects of a Salesperson’s Regional Dialect in Services Selling

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 460-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Mai ◽  
Stefan Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Social Identity ◽  
Social Identity Theory ◽  
Purchase Intention ◽  
Identity Theory ◽  
Conventional Wisdom ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Regional Dialect ◽  
Selling Process

This research analyzes how a salesperson’s regional dialect influences the efficacy of services selling. Four dialect effects are derived from theories of information processing, accent prestige theory, and social identity theory. In the first study, 92 industrial buyers, and in the second study, 126 customers evaluated salespersons after actual sales conversations. In contrast to conventional wisdom, both studies show that buyers do not generally devalue salespersons with a dialect. If speech is of high quality, a regional dialect improves satisfaction with the salesperson, rather than reducing it. Favorable sound qualities and prestigious stereotypical associations with the dialect also raise satisfaction with the salesperson. Moreover, the fit between salesperson and buyer dialects enhances satisfaction with the company and fosters purchase intention. In order to increase their persuasiveness, salespersons should be aware of the four dialect effects. Companies would also benefit from training salespersons to improve their speech quality, rather than concealing their dialect. If possible, salespersons should deliberately modify their way of speaking in all phases of the service-selling process.

Development of Performance Evaluation Tests for Environmental Research (Peter): Time Estimation

1980 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 655-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael E. Mc Cauley ◽  
Robert S. Kennedy ◽  
Alvah C. Bittner
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Constant Error ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Environmental Research ◽  
Unique Contribution ◽  
Repeated Testing ◽  
Estimation Task ◽  
Variable Error ◽  
Time Estimation Task

A time-estimation task was considered for inclusion in the Performance Evaluation Tests for Environmental Research (PETER) battery. As part of this consideration, the effects of repeated testing on the reliability of time judgments were studied. The method of production was used to estimate eight time intervals. Five trials per day at each interval were administered individually to each of 19 subjects for 15 consecutive workdays. Two scores, constant error and variable error, were reported. The effect of days was not significant for constant error and was moderate for variable error ( p < .04). The standard deviations were relatively stable across trials. A pronounced decline in reliability over repeated days of testing was found for both errors. It was concluded that this time-estimation test would be a poor candidate for inclusion in PETER, but further research is warranted because of the potential unique contribution of a time-estimation task in a performance test battery.

scholarly journals Lumbo-pelvic proprioception in sitting is impaired in subgroups of low back pain–But the clinical utility of the differences is unclear. A systematic review and meta-analysis

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0250673
Author(s):  
Vasileios Korakakis ◽  
Kieran O’Sullivan ◽  
Argyro Kotsifaki ◽  
Yiannis Sotiralis ◽  
Giannis Giakas
Keyword(s):  
Low Back Pain ◽  
Back Pain ◽  
Clinical Utility ◽  
Constant Error ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Low Back ◽  
Variable Error ◽  
Subgroup Analyses ◽  
Asymptomatic Individuals ◽  
Meta Analyses

Background Altered spinal postures and altered motor control observed among people with non-specific low back pain have been associated with abnormal processing of sensory inputs. Evidence indicates that patients with non-specific low back pain have impaired lumbo-pelvic proprioceptive acuity compared to asymptomatic individuals. Objective To systematically review seated lumbo-pelvic proprioception among people with non-specific low back pain. Methods Five electronic databases were searched to identify studies comparing lumbo-pelvic proprioception using active repositioning accuracy in sitting posture in individuals with and without non-specific low back pain. Study quality was assessed by using a modified Downs and Black’s checklist. Risk of bias was assessed using an adapted tool for cross-sectional design and case–control studies. We performed meta-analysis using a random effects model. Meta-analyses included subgroup analyses according to disability level, directional subgrouping pattern, and availability of vision during testing. We rated the quality of evidence using the GRADE approach. Results 16 studies met the eligibility criteria. Pooled meta-analyses were possible for absolute error, variable error, and constant error, measured in sagittal and transverse planes. There is very low and low certainty evidence of greater absolute and variable repositioning error in seated tasks among non-specific low back pain patients overall compared to asymptomatic individuals (sagittal plane). Subgroup analyses indicate moderate certainty evidence of greater absolute and variable error in seated tasks among directional subgroups of adults with non-specific low back pain, along with weaker evidence (low-very low certainty) of greater constant error. Discussion Lumbo-pelvic proprioception is impaired among people with non-specific low back pain. However, the low certainty of evidence, the small magnitude of error observed and the calculated “noise” of proprioception measures, suggest that any observed differences in lumbo-pelvic proprioception may be of limited clinical utility. PROSPERO-ID CRD42018107671

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document