Reconsideration of Measurement of Error in Human Motor Learning

1988 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 568-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darryl A. Crabtree ◽  
Laura R. Antrim
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Error Analysis ◽  
Constant Error ◽  
Mean Absolute Error ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Error Measurement ◽  
Variable Error ◽  
Human Motor ◽  
Parsimonious Model

Human motor learning is often measured by error scores. The convention of using mean absolute error, mean constant error, and variable error shows lack of desirable parsimony and interpretability. This paper provides the background of error measurement and states criticisms of conventional methodology. A parsimonious model of error analysis is provided, along with operationalized interpretations and implications for motor learning. Teaching, interpreting, and using error scores in research may be simplified and facilitated with the model.

Anticipation of Coincidence, Gender, and Sports Classification

1996 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 227-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Brady
Keyword(s):  
Constant Error ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Error Constant ◽  
Variable Error ◽  
Gender And Sports ◽  
And Gender

This study investigated the effects of sport classification and gender on anticipation of coincidence. 102 undergraduate male and female students from open skills, closed skills, and nonathletic groups were tested on the Bassin Anticipation Timer. The dependent measures of absolute error, constant error, and variable error were analyzed in a 2 (gender) × 3 (sport classification) × 4 (speeds) design. Men had lower absolute and constant error scores than women. Open skills athletes were less variable in their responses while male open skills athletes were more accurate and less variable at the faster speeds. Performance on the Bassin Anticipation Timer may not be representative of athletic skills.

A Preliminary Comparison of Stimulus Presentation Methods with the Bassin Anticipation Timing Task

1997 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 344-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie A. Hart ◽  
T. Gilmour Reeve
Keyword(s):  
Target Location ◽  
Constant Error ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Timing Errors ◽  
Preliminary Comparison ◽  
Variable Error ◽  
Timing Task ◽  
Response Performance ◽  
Presentation Methods

The Bassin Anticipation Timing Task was used to compare response performance when the stimulus terminated at the target location to when the stimulus continued past the target location. Two conditions (terminating and continuing) were tested by measuring timing errors on the task. Analyses indicated no significant differences in absolute error and variable error between the conditions. However, analysis of constant error showed a significant effect, with the timing errors being fewer on the terminating condition. These results suggest that the two stimulus presentation methods with the Bassin Anticipation Task differentially influence timing performance.

Effects of Field-Articulation and Feedback on Perception of Intermediate Visual-Kinesthetic Position

1975 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 875-878 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Roger Ware ◽  
Richard C. Barnhill
Keyword(s):  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Auditory Feedback ◽  
High Field ◽  
Sensory Feedback ◽  
Constant Error ◽  
Mean Absolute Error ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Low Field ◽  
Kinesthetic Feedback ◽  
The Mean

High and low field-articulators were compared on the accuracy with which they could adjust a rod to intermediate visual-kinesthetic positions while blindfolded, under four sensory-feedback conditions. Independent groups of 10 Ss were given auditory, visual, kinesthetic, or no sensory feedback for 16 trials and then tested on 8 trials without sensory feedback. High field-articulators were significantly more accurate on the feedback trials for all sensory-feedback conditions but not in terms of mean absolute error. The mean constant error on the test trials was significantly lower for the high field-articulators on all feedback conditions except for visual feedback where the low field-articulator had a lower constant error. Both the high and low field-articulators became more accurate and learned more in judging visual-kinesthetic position when auditory feedback was given. Low field-articulators showed significant improvement in accuracy with kinesthetic feedback. The results supported the hypothesis that intermediate directions can be learned and supported previous perceptual research.

scholarly journals Noise-Enhanced Eversion Force Sense in Ankles With or Without Functional Instability

2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 819-824 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott E. Ross ◽  
Shelley W. Linens ◽  
Cynthia J. Wright ◽  
Brent L. Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Constant Error ◽  
Ankle Instability ◽  
Muscle Tension ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Functional Ankle Instability ◽  
Maximum Voluntary Isometric Contraction ◽  
Error Measures ◽  
Variable Error ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Force Sense

Context  Force sense impairments are associated with functional ankle instability. Stochastic resonance stimulation (SRS) may have implications for correcting these force sense deficits. Objective  To determine if SRS improved force sense. Design  Case-control study. Setting  Research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants  Twelve people with functional ankle instability (age = 23 ± 3 years, height = 174 ± 8 cm, mass = 69 ± 10 kg) and 12 people with stable ankles (age = 22 ± 2 years, height = 170 ± 7 cm, mass = 64 ± 10 kg). Intervention(s)  The eversion force sense protocol required participants to reproduce a targeted muscle tension (10% of maximum voluntary isometric contraction). This protocol was assessed under SRSon and SRSoff (control) conditions. During SRSon, random subsensory mechanical noise was applied to the lower leg at a customized optimal intensity for each participant. Main Outcome Measure(s)  Constant error, absolute error, and variable error measures quantified accuracy, overall performance, and consistency of force reproduction, respectively. Results  With SRS, we observed main effects for force sense absolute error (SRSoff = 1.01 ± 0.67 N, SRSon = 0.69 ± 0.42 N) and variable error (SRSoff = 1.11 ± 0.64 N, SRSon = 0.78 ± 0.56 N) (P < .05). No other main effects or treatment-by-group interactions were found (P > .05). Conclusions  Although SRS reduced the overall magnitude (absolute error) and variability (variable error) of force sense errors, it had no effect on the directionality (constant error). Clinically, SRS may enhance muscle tension ability, which could have treatment implications for ankle stability.

Contactless Core-Temperature Monitoring by Infrared Thermal Sensor using Mean Absolute Error Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fahad Layth Malallah ◽  
Baraa T. Shareef ◽  
Mustafah Ghanem Saeed ◽  
Khaled N. Yasen
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Embedded System ◽  
Core Temperature ◽  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
Mean Absolute Error ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Thermal Sensor ◽  
Human Face ◽  
Body Contact ◽  
Arduino Microcontroller

Aims: Normally, the temperature increase of individuals leads to the possibility of getting a type of disease, which might be risky to other people such as coronavirus. Traditional techniques for tracking core-temperature require body contact either by oral, rectum, axillary, or tympanic, which are unfortunately considered intrusive in nature as well as causes of contagion. Therefore, sensing human core-temperature non-intrusively and remotely is the objective of this research. Background: Nowadays, increasing level of medical sectors is a necessary targets for the research operations, especially with the development of the integrated circuit, sensors and cameras that made the normal life easier. Methods: The solution is by proposing an embedded system consisting of the Arduino microcontroller, which is trained with a model of Mean Absolute Error (MAE) analysis for predicting Contactless Core-Temperature (CCT), which is the real body temperature. Results: The Arduino is connected to an Infrared-Thermal sensor named MLX90614 as input signal, and connected to the LCD to display the CCT. To evaluate the proposed system, experiments are conducted by participating 31-subject sensing contactless temperature from the three face sub-regions: forehead, nose, and cheek. Conclusion: Experimental results approved that CCT can be measured remotely depending on the human face, in which the forehead region is better to be dependent, rather than nose and cheek regions for CCT measurement due to the smallest

scholarly journals Towards Tracking of Deep Brain Stimulation Electrodes Using an Integrated Magnetometer

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 2670
Author(s):  
Thomas Quirin ◽  
Corentin Féry ◽  
Dorian Vogel ◽  
Céline Vergne ◽  
Mathieu Sarracanie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Brain Stimulation ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Mean Absolute Error ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Magnetic Tracking ◽  
Magnetic Camera ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Deep Brain

This paper presents a tracking system using magnetometers, possibly integrable in a deep brain stimulation (DBS) electrode. DBS is a treatment for movement disorders where the position of the implant is of prime importance. Positioning challenges during the surgery could be addressed thanks to a magnetic tracking. The system proposed in this paper, complementary to existing procedures, has been designed to bridge preoperative clinical imaging with DBS surgery, allowing the surgeon to increase his/her control on the implantation trajectory. Here the magnetic source required for tracking consists of three coils, and is experimentally mapped. This mapping has been performed with an in-house three-dimensional magnetic camera. The system demonstrates how magnetometers integrated directly at the tip of a DBS electrode, might improve treatment by monitoring the position during and after the surgery. The three-dimensional operation without line of sight has been demonstrated using a reference obtained with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of a simplified brain model. We observed experimentally a mean absolute error of 1.35 mm and an Euclidean error of 3.07 mm. Several areas of improvement to target errors below 1 mm are also discussed.

scholarly journals A Review of Deep Learning-Based Contactless Heart Rate Measurement Methods

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 3719
Author(s):  
Aoxin Ni ◽  
Arian Azarang ◽  
Nasser Kehtarnavaz
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Mean Absolute Error ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Video Camera ◽  
Measurement Methods ◽  
Rate Measurement ◽  
Learning Methods ◽  
The Public ◽  
Heart Rate Measurement

The interest in contactless or remote heart rate measurement has been steadily growing in healthcare and sports applications. Contactless methods involve the utilization of a video camera and image processing algorithms. Recently, deep learning methods have been used to improve the performance of conventional contactless methods for heart rate measurement. After providing a review of the related literature, a comparison of the deep learning methods whose codes are publicly available is conducted in this paper. The public domain UBFC dataset is used to compare the performance of these deep learning methods for heart rate measurement. The results obtained show that the deep learning method PhysNet generates the best heart rate measurement outcome among these methods, with a mean absolute error value of 2.57 beats per minute and a mean square error value of 7.56 beats per minute.

A new modification of the homotopy perturbation method

2021 ◽  
pp. 095745652199987
Author(s):  
Magaji Yunbunga Adamu ◽  
Peter Ogenyi
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Error Analysis ◽  
Perturbation Method ◽  
Homotopy Perturbation Method ◽  
Nonlinear Oscillators ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
New Method ◽  
Optimal Analysis ◽  
Homotopy Perturbation ◽  
Accuracy And Precision

This study proposes a new modification of the homotopy perturbation method. A new parameter alpha is introduced into the homotopy equation in order to improve the results and accuracy. An optimal analysis identifies the parameter alpha, aimed at improving the solutions. A comparative analysis of the proposed method reveals that the new method presents results with higher degree of accuracy and precision than the classic homotopy perturbation method. Absolute error analysis shows the convenience of the proposed method, providing much smaller errors. Two examples are presented: Duffing and Van der pol’s nonlinear oscillators to demonstrate the efficiency, accuracy, and applicability of the new method.

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