Opening a new ocean: Arctic Ocean fisheries regime as a (potential) turning point for Canada’s Arctic policy

2018 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 158-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathieu Landriault
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Regional Governance ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Central Arctic Ocean ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Arctic Policy ◽  
Governance Infrastructure

This policy brief focuses on the opening of the Central Arctic Ocean and the subsequent questions this poses to regional governance. This change has the potential to radically alter the nature of Arctic governance as non-Arctic states will have to play a significant role in the rules that will apply in the Arctic high seas. Talks about a regional fisheries regime will define the future of this region. The creation of a coordinating agreement would have the benefit of not challenging Arctic states too fundamentally while at the same time incorporating non-Arctic states in a meaningful way in the regional governance infrastructure.

scholarly journals Arctic Ocean stratification set by sea level and freshwater inputs since the last ice age

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse R. Farmer ◽  
Daniel M. Sigman ◽  
Julie Granger ◽  
Ona M. Underwood ◽  
François Fripiat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Bering Strait ◽  
Central Arctic Ocean ◽  
Phytoplankton Productivity ◽  
Nitrate Consumption ◽  
Western Arctic ◽  
Last Ice Age

AbstractSalinity-driven density stratification of the upper Arctic Ocean isolates sea-ice cover and cold, nutrient-poor surface waters from underlying warmer, nutrient-rich waters. Recently, stratification has strengthened in the western Arctic but has weakened in the eastern Arctic; it is unknown if these trends will continue. Here we present foraminifera-bound nitrogen isotopes from Arctic Ocean sediments since 35,000 years ago to reconstruct past changes in nutrient sources and the degree of nutrient consumption in surface waters, the latter reflecting stratification. During the last ice age and early deglaciation, the Arctic was dominated by Atlantic-sourced nitrate and incomplete nitrate consumption, indicating weaker stratification. Starting at 11,000 years ago in the western Arctic, there is a clear isotopic signal of Pacific-sourced nitrate and complete nitrate consumption associated with the flooding of the Bering Strait. These changes reveal that the strong stratification of the western Arctic relies on low-salinity inflow through the Bering Strait. In the central Arctic, nitrate consumption was complete during the early Holocene, then declined after 5,000 years ago as summer insolation decreased. This sequence suggests that precipitation and riverine freshwater fluxes control the stratification of the central Arctic Ocean. Based on these findings, ongoing warming will cause strong stratification to expand into the central Arctic, slowing the nutrient supply to surface waters and thus limiting future phytoplankton productivity.

Arctic Ocean State-Changes: Self Interests and Common Interests

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 511-525
Author(s):  
Paul Arthur Berkman
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
International Governance ◽  
State Change ◽  
Central Arctic Ocean ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Free Region ◽  
The Arctic Ocean ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
State Changes

Abstract Environmental and geopolitical state-changes are the underlying first principles of the diverse stakeholder positioning in the Arctic Ocean. The Arctic Ocean is changing from an ice-covered region to an ice-free region during the summer, which is an environmental state-change. As provided under the framework of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the central Arctic Ocean currently involves “High-Seas” (beyond the “Exclusive Economic Zones”) and the underlying “Area” of the deep-sea floor (beyond the “Continental Shelves”). Governance applications of this ‘donut’ demography – with international space surrounded by sovereign sectors – would be a geopolitical state-change in the Arctic Ocean. International governance strategies and applications for the central Arctic Ocean have far-reaching implications for the stewardship of other international spaces, which between Antarctica and the ocean beyond national jurisdictions account for nearly 75 percent of the Earth’s surface. In view of planetary-scale strategies for humankind, with frameworks such as climate, the Arctic Ocean underscores the challenges and opportunities to balance the governance of nation states and international spaces centuries into the future.

Testing the synchronicity of Pleistocene biostratigraphic events in the central Arctic – Do we have a consistent biostratigraphic framework?  

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flor Vermassen ◽  
Helen K. Coxall ◽  
Gabriel West ◽  
Matt O'Regan
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Sediment Cores ◽  
Age Determination ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Calcareous Nannofossils ◽  
Central Arctic Ocean ◽  
Eurasian Basin ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Amerasian Basin

<p>Harsh environmental and taphonomic conditions in the central Arctic Ocean make age-modelling for Quaternary palaeoclimate reconstructions challenging. Pleistocene age models in the Arctic have relied heavily on cyclostratigraphy using lithologic variability tied to relatively poorly calibrated foraminifera biostratigraphic events. Recently, the identification of <em>Pseudoemiliania lacunosa</em> in a sediment core from the Lomonosov Ridge, a coccolithophore that went extinct during marine isotope stage (MIS) 12 (478-424 ka), has been used to delineate glacial-interglacial units back to MIS 14 (~500 ka BP). Here we present a comparative study on how this nannofossil biostratigraphy fits with existing foraminifer biohorizons that are recognised in central Arctic Ocean sediments. A new core from the Alpha Ridge is presented, together with its lithologic variability and down-core compositional changes in planktonic and benthic foraminifera. The core exhibits an interval dominated by <em>Turborotalita egelida</em>, a planktonic foraminifer that is increasingly being adopted as a marker for MIS11 in sediment cores from the Amerasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean. We show that the new age-constraints provided by calcareous nannofossils are difficult to reconcile with the proposed MIS 11 age for the <em>T. egelida</em> horizon. Instead, the emerging litho- and coccolith biostratigraphy implies that Amerasian Basin sediments predating MIS5 are older than the egelida-based age models suggest, i.e. that the <em>T. egelida</em> Zone is older than MIS11. These results expose uncertainties regarding the age determination of glacial-interglacial cycles in the Amerasian basin and point out that future work is required to reconcile the micro- and nannofossil biostratigraphy of the Amerasian and Eurasian basin.</p>

scholarly journals Near-Inertial Mixing in the Central Arctic Ocean

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 2031-2049 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilker Fer
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Vertical Mixing ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Storm Event ◽  
Central Arctic Ocean ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Wave Induced ◽  
The Waves ◽  
Inertial Energy ◽  
Made In

Abstract Observations were made in April 2007 of horizontal currents, hydrography, and shear microstructure in the upper 500 m from a drifting ice camp in the central Arctic Ocean. An approximately 4-day-long time series, collected about 10 days after a storm event, shows enhanced near-inertial oscillations in the first half of the measurement period with comparable upward- and downward-propagating energy. Rough estimates of wind work and near-inertial flux imply that the waves were likely generated by the previous storm. The near-inertial frequency band is associated with dominant clockwise rotation in time of the horizontal currents and enhanced dissipation rates of turbulent kinetic energy. The vertical profile of dissipation rate shows elevated values in the pycnocline between the relatively turbulent underice boundary layer and the deeper quiescent water column. Dissipation averaged in the pycnocline is near-inertially modulated, and its magnitude decays approximately at a rate implied by the reduction of energy over time. Observations suggest that near-inertial energy and internal wave–induced mixing play a significant role in vertical mixing in the Arctic Ocean.

Arctic Ocean Management and Indigenous Peoples: Recent Legal Developments

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-120
Author(s):  
Nigel Bankes
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Scientific Cooperation ◽  
Arctic Council ◽  
Central Arctic Ocean ◽  
Polar Code ◽  
Ocean Management ◽  
Marine Areas ◽  
Maritime Search And Rescue

This article examines recent legal developments in the management of human activities in Arctic marine areas and considers the extent to which these developments acknowledge or recognize the rights, roles and interests of Arctic Indigenous peoples. These developments include the negotiation of three treaties under the auspices of the Arctic Council: the Agreement on Cooperation on Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue in the Arctic, (Arctic SAR Agreement), the Agreement on Cooperation on Marine Oil Spill Preparedness and Response in the Arctic (Arctic MOSPA), and the Agreement on Enhancing International Arctic Scientific Cooperation (Arctic Science Agreement), the adoption of the Polar Code by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), and, most recently, the signature of the Agreement to Prevent Unregulated High Seas Fisheries in the Central Arctic Ocean (the CAOF Agreement). It also examines more recent practice under the Agreement on the Conservation of Polar Bears (ACPB).

scholarly journals On the future navigability of Arctic sea routes: High-resolution projections of the Arctic Ocean and sea ice

Marine Policy ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 75 ◽  
pp. 300-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yevgeny Aksenov ◽  
Ekaterina E. Popova ◽  
Andrew Yool ◽  
A.J. George Nurser ◽  
Timothy D. Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Sea Ice ◽  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Arctic Sea ◽  
The Arctic Ocean ◽  
The Future

scholarly journals Low-level jet characteristics over the Arctic Ocean in spring and summer

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 2125-2153
Author(s):  
L. Jakobson ◽  
T. Vihma ◽  
E. Jakobson ◽  
T. Palo ◽  
A. Männik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Temperature Inversion ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Jet Streams ◽  
Central Arctic Ocean ◽  
Turbulent Layer ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Low Level Jet ◽  
Jet Characteristics

Abstract. Low-level jets (LLJ) are important for turbulence in the stably stratified atmospheric boundary layer, but their occurrence, properties, and generation mechanisms in the Arctic are not well known. We analysed LLJs over the central Arctic Ocean in spring and summer 2007 on the bases of data collected in the drifting ice station Tara. Instead of traditional radiosonde soundings, data from tethersonde soundings with a high vertical resolution were used. The Tara results showed a lower occurrence of LLJs (46%) than many previous studies over polar sea ice. Strong jet core winds contributed to growth of the turbulent layer. Complex relationship between the jet core height and the temperature inversion top height were detected: substantial correlation (r = 0.72; p < 0.01) occurred when the jet core was above the turbulent layer, but inside the turbulent layer there was no correlation. The most important forcing mechanism for LLJs was baroclinicity, which was responsible for generation of strong and warm LLJs, which on average occurred at lower altitudes than other jets. Baroclinic jets were mostly associated to transient cyclones instead of the climatological air temperature gradients. Besides baroclinicity, cases related to inertial oscillations, gusts, and fronts were detected. In approximately 50% of the observed LLJs the generation mechanism remained unclear, but in most of these cases the wind speed was strong in the whole vertical profile, the jet core representing only a weak maximum. Further research needs on LLJs in the Arctic include investigation of low-level jet streams and their effects on the sea ice drift and atmospheric moisture transport.

scholarly journals Data Analysis for microRNA and Related Diagnoses

2022 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 134-139
Author(s):  
Eugenia Namiot ◽  
Maxim Khakhin
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
New Method ◽  
Huge Number ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Creation

MicroRNAs are non-coding molecules that play a significant role in the development of the disease. MicroRNAs can act as biomarkers or independently lead to the development of a disease. Due to the large numbers of microRNAs, most of the current works focus on the creation of a new way of microRNA clustering or grouping. Today, there are a huge number of different databases that distribute open microRNAs into groups. The problem is that there is no way to evaluate such databases and created clusters. In this work, we propose a new method for assessing the distribution of microRNAs in a cluster, which in the future can be used to predict new sequential ones capable of causing disease. The proposed method can also be used for a better understanding of the mechanisms of various diseases. Since cardiovascular diseases rank first in terms of the number of deaths, they were chosen as the analyzed ones. The Human microRNA Disease Database was used as an analyzed database in this work. The obtained results show that the proposed method can analyze the created databases and can be used in further practice. The proposed model makes it possible to predict new microRNAs for given diagnoses.

scholarly journals Benefits of sea ice thickness initialization for the Arctic decadal climate prediction skill in EC-Earth3

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tian Tian ◽  
Shuting Yang ◽  
Mehdi Pasha Karami ◽  
François Massonnet ◽  
Tim Kruschke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Climate Prediction ◽  
Arctic Sea Ice ◽  
Prediction Skill ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Ensemble Prediction ◽  
Central Arctic Ocean ◽  
Ice Volume ◽  
Arctic Sea

Abstract. A substantial part of Arctic climate predictability at interannual time scales stems from the knowledge of the initial sea ice conditions. Among all the variables characterizing sea ice, sea ice volume, being a product of sea ice area/concentration (SIC) and thickness (SIT), is the most sensitive parameter for climate change. However, the majority of climate prediction systems are only assimilating the observed SIC due to lack of long-term reliable global observation of SIT. In this study the EC-Earth3 Climate Prediction System with anomaly initialization to ocean, SIC and SIT states is developed. In order to evaluate the benefits of specific initialized variables at regional scales, three sets of retrospective ensemble prediction experiments are performed with different initialization strategies: ocean-only; ocean plus SIC; and ocean plus SIC and SIT initialization. The increased skill from ocean plus SIC initialization is small in most regions, compared to ocean-only initialization. In the marginal ice zone covered by seasonal ice, skills regarding winter SIC are mainly gained from the initial ocean temperature anomalies. Consistent with previous studies, the Arctic sea ice volume anomalies are found to play a dominant role for the prediction skill of September Arctic sea ice extent. Winter preconditioning of SIT for the perennial ice in the central Arctic Ocean results in increased skill of SIC in the adjacent Arctic coastal waters (e.g. the Laptev/East Siberian/Chukchi Seas) for lead time up to a decade. This highlights the importance of initializing SIT for predictions of decadal time scale in regional Arctic sea ice. Our results suggest that as the climate warming continues and the central Arctic Ocean might become seasonal ice free in the future, the controlling mechanism for decadal predictability may thus shift from being the sea ice volume playing the major role to a more ocean-related processes.

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