scholarly journals Relations Among Higher Order Values Around the World

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (8) ◽  
pp. 1165-1182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maksim Rudnev ◽  
Vladimir Magun ◽  
Shalom Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Value Theory ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Core Element ◽  
Openness To Change ◽  
Circular Structure ◽  
The Social ◽  
Conservation Values ◽  
Self Transcendence ◽  
Self Protection

The circular structure of basic human values is the core element of the Schwartz value theory. The structure demonstrated high robustness across cultures. However, the specific correlations between values and the differences in these correlations across countries have received little attention. The current research investigated the within-country correlations between the four higher order values. We estimated the correlations with meta-analytical mixed-effects models based on 10 surveys, on different value instruments, and on data from 104 countries. Analyses revealed theoretically expected negative relations between openness to change and conservation values and between self-transcendence and self-enhancement values. More interestingly, openness to change and self-transcendence values related negatively with each other, as did conservation and self-enhancement. Openness to change and self-enhancement values related predominantly positively, as did conservation and self-transcendence values. Correlations between the adjacent values were weaker in more economically developed countries, revealing higher value complexity of these societies. These findings were consistent across multiple surveys and after controlling for levels of education and income inequality. We concluded that, across most countries, values tend to be organized predominantly in line with the Social versus Person Focus opposition, whereas the Growth versus Self-Protection opposition is pronounced only in more economically developed countries.

scholarly journals Changes in Personal Values in Pandemic Times

2021 ◽  
pp. 194855062110240
Author(s):  
Ella Daniel ◽  
Anat Bardi ◽  
Ronald Fischer ◽  
Maya Benish-Weisman ◽  
Julie A. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Adaptive System ◽  
Personal Values ◽  
Psychological Theory ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Value Change ◽  
Openness To Change ◽  
Conservation Values ◽  
Self Transcendence

The COVID-19 pandemic has had immense impact on people’s lives, potentially leading individuals to reevaluate what they prioritize in life (i.e., their values). We report longitudinal data from Australians 3 years prior to the pandemic, at pandemic onset (April 2020, N = 2,321), and in November–December 2020 ( n = 1,442). While all higher order values were stable prior to the pandemic, conservation values, emphasizing order and stability, became more important during the pandemic. In contrast, openness to change values, emphasizing self-direction and stimulation, showed a decrease during the pandemic, which was reversed in late 2020. Self-transcendence values, emphasizing care for close others, society, and nature, decreased by late 2020. These changes were amplified among individuals worrying about the pandemic. The results support psychological theory of values as usually stable, but also an adaptive system that responds to significant changes in environmental conditions. They also test a new mechanism for value change, worry.

The Role of Values in Attitudes towards Violence: Discrimination against Moroccans and Romanian Gypsies in Spain

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Luis Álvaro ◽  
Thiago Morais de Oliveira ◽  
Ana Raquel Rosas Torres ◽  
Cicero Pereira ◽  
Alicia Garrido ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Work Students ◽  
Public University ◽  
Value Theory ◽  
Police Violence ◽  
Openness To Change ◽  
Minority Member ◽  
The Social ◽  
Self Transcendence ◽  
Moderating Role

AbstractThe first objective of this study was to investigate whether police violence is more tolerated when the victim is a member of a social minority (e.g., Moroccan immigrants and Romanian Gypsies in Spain) than when the victim is a member of the social majority (e.g., Spaniards). The second objective was to use Schwartz value theory to examine the moderating role of values on attitudes towards tolerance of police violence. The participants were 207 sociology and social work students from a public university in Madrid. Overall, in this study, police violence was more accepted when the victim was a member of a social minority; F(2, 206) = 77.91, p = .001, ηp2 = 0.433, and in general, values moderated this acceptance. Thus, greater adherence to the conservation and self-promotion values subsystems would strengthen support for police violence towards a social minority member. On the other hand, greater adherence to the openness to change and self-transcendence subsystems diminish this support.

scholarly journals Values that Underlie and Undermine Well–Being: Variability across Countries

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florencia M. Sortheix ◽  
Shalom H. Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Openness To Change ◽  
Conservation Values ◽  
Self Transcendence ◽  
Context Shapes ◽  
Self Protection

We examined relations of 10 personal values to life satisfaction (LS) and depressive affect (DEP) in representative samples from 32/25 countries ( N = 121 495). We tested hypotheses both for direct relations and cross–level moderation of relations by Cultural Egalitarianism. We based hypotheses on the growth versus self–protection orientation and person–focus versus social–focus motivations that underlie values. As predicted, openness to change values (growth/person) correlated positively with subjective well–being (SWB: higher LS, lower DEP) and conservation values (self–protection/social) correlated negatively with SWB. The combination of underlying motivations also explained more complex direct relations of self–transcendence and self–enhancement values with SWB. We combined an analysis of the environmental context in societies low versus high in Cultural Egalitarianism with the implications of pursuing person–focused versus social–focused values to predict how Cultural Egalitarianism moderates value–SWB relations. As predicted, under low versus high Cultural Egalitarianism, (i) openness to change values related more positively to SWB, (ii) conservation values more negatively, (iii) self–enhancement values less negatively and (iv) self–transcendence values less positively. Culture moderated value–SWB relations more weakly for DEP than for LS. Culture moderated value–LS relations more strongly than the socio–economic context did. This study demonstrates how the cultural context shapes individual–level associations between values and SWB. Copyright © 2017 European Association of Personality Psychology

scholarly journals Understanding Future Leaders: How Are Personal Values of Generations Y and Z Tailored to Leadership in Industry 4.0?

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 4417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rok Črešnar ◽  
Zlatko Nedelko
Keyword(s):  
Industry 4.0 ◽  
Personal Values ◽  
Value Theory ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Openness To Change ◽  
Multicultural Environment ◽  
Conservation Values ◽  
Future Leaders ◽  
Self Transcendence ◽  
The Impact

This study combines two main challenges for organizations today, as it examines the alignment between personal values of future leaders and the values needed in the Industry 4.0 workplace. Based on the movement of the organizational environment toward a more multidisciplinary, open, collaborative and multicultural environment, we presuppose that the Industry 4.0 workplace requires a more benevolent, universally oriented and generally self-transcended leaders. Drawing upon Schwartz’s value theory, we examine the impact of Generations Y and Z’s personal values on their leadership inclination. The results from the survey of 371 young participants from Generations Y and Z reveal that self-enhancement (i.e., power and achievement), openness to change and conservation values most significantly affect leadership inclination. Meanwhile, benevolence, universalism and general self-transcendence values—cornerstones of the Industry 4.0 workplace—show negative effects on leadership inclination in the frame of the Industry 4.0 workplace. This indicates a poor fit between the values of future leaders and the values of the Industry 4.0 workplace. These findings have significant implications for human resource management in future organizations and contribute to the understanding of future leaders. In addition, the findings can help organizations to manage sustainable workings in an Industry 4.0 environment.

scholarly journals Development of the Brief Personal Values Inventory for sense of values in the Japanese general population

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sachiyo Ozawa ◽  
Yudai Iijima ◽  
Shuntaro Ando ◽  
Naohiro Okada ◽  
Tomoko Kawashima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Personal Values ◽  
Value Theory ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Developmental Pathway ◽  
Openness To Change ◽  
Japanese General Population ◽  
Self Transcendence

AbstractThe Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ) is a widely used questionnaire for assessing sense of values; however, it has limitations, especially for children. Therefore, the present study aims to develop a questionnaire for sense of values, called the Brief Personal Values Inventory (BPVI), consisting of simple questions and a smaller number of items compared to the PVQ. We first created 12 items for the BPVI and then tested their validity and reliability in 167 Japanese general population (81 males, mean age (SD) [range]: 23.4 (8.2) [15-57] years). Each of these items was correlated with one or more values in the PVQ-57. The BPVI items covered all higher-order values in Schwartz’s theory (Openness to Change, Self-Enhancement, Conservation, and Self-Transcendence). In sum, the BPVI has an acceptable criterion-related validity and corresponds to higher-order values in Schwartz’s value theory. The BPVI is suitable for a reliable and direct comparison of sense of values between children and adults, which may be useful for elucidating the developmental pathway of personal sense of values.

Students’ Value Orientations in Contemporary China: Analysis of Measurement Invariance and Latent Mean Differences in Comparison With Students From Germany and Russia

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 511-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Heim ◽  
S. Scholten ◽  
A. Maercker ◽  
D. Xiu ◽  
D. Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Invariance ◽  
Chinese Students ◽  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Value Theory ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Value Orientations ◽  
Contemporary China ◽  
Openness To Change ◽  
Scalar Invariance ◽  
Self Transcendence

The present study examined Chinese students’ personal value orientations according to the Schwartz value theory in comparison with students from Germany and Russia. The theory postulates 10 value orientations grouped into four higher-order factors: conservation versus openness to change and self-transcendence versus self-enhancement. Schwartz’ value orientations have been extensively investigated in Europe but less in East Asian countries such as China. We hypothesized that Chinese students would score higher on conservation and self-enhancement than German and Russian students, but lower on self-transcendence. Regarding openness to change, a null hypothesis was formulated. Students from China ( n = 9,601), Germany ( n = 1,118), and Russia ( n = 3,890) completed the Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ-21). To ensure methodological preconditions for cross-cultural comparison, measurement invariance of the PVQ-21 was tested. In a first step, confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was conducted separately for each country. Due to the high correlation between the 10 values, the four higher-order dimensions were studied separately. Configural, metric, and scalar invariance models were tested using multigroup CFA. Full metric and partial scalar invariance models held for all higher-order factors. Thereafter, latent means of values were compared across samples. As a result, Chinese students scored highest on the four higher-order dimensions when compared with Russian and German samples, thus the hypotheses were only partly confirmed. Results of this study could reflect the value conflicts emerging from various cultural influences in contemporary China: Young people are confronted with daily negotiation between Confucian tradition and the rapid economic development.

Relationships Among Social Dominance Orientation, Social Axioms, and Values

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (8) ◽  
pp. 1395-1407 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ersin Kuşdil ◽  
Selinay Çağlar Akoğlu
Keyword(s):  
Social Dominance ◽  
Social Dominance Orientation ◽  
Human Values ◽  
Openness To Change ◽  
Social Axioms ◽  
Social Cynicism ◽  
Turkish University Students ◽  
Conservation Values ◽  
Self Transcendence ◽  
Value Model

We adopted 2 cross-culturally validated instruments, developed for the measurement of human values (Schwartz's value model) and generalized beliefs (Leung and Bond's social axioms model), to examine their relationships with the perceptions of legitimacy, permeability, and social dominance orientation (SDO) in a group of 383 Turkish university students. The results showed that the students' perceptions of legitimacy were positively related to their conservation values and the religiosity belief dimension, and negatively related to openness to change and self-transcendence values. We also found that the permeability scores were positively correlated with conservation values and religiosity beliefs, and negatively correlated with openness to change, self-enhancement values, and social cynicism beliefs. Regression analysis results revealed that generalized beliefs (social axioms) and SDO were more effective than values in predicting the legitimacy scores of participants who saw boundaries as legitimate and permeable. This pattern was reversed for participants who regarded the boundaries as illegitimate and impermeable.

The adoption of ecopreneurship practices in Indonesian craft SMEs: value-based motivations and intersections of identities

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arien Arianti Gunawan ◽  
Caroline Essers ◽  
Allard C.R. van Riel
Keyword(s):  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Value Theory ◽  
Media Analysis ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Proenvironmental Behavior ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Conservation Values ◽  
Religion And Ethnicity ◽  
Self Transcendence ◽  
Medium Enterprises

PurposeThis article explores value-based motivations to adopt ecological entrepreneurship (ecopreneurship) practices and investigates how intersections of social identities such as gender, religion and ethnicity influence these motivations.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses primary data from field observations, social media analysis and semistructured in-depth interviews with 16 owner-managers of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the Indonesian craft sector.FindingsThe findings show that self-enhancement, conservation and self-transcendence values motivated the entrepreneurs to adopt ecopreneurship practices. Furthermore, the intersections of identities also tended to influence the entrepreneurs' motivations to adopt ecopreneurship practices.Research limitations/implicationsThe sample was limited to the Indonesian craft sector. However, the study has furthered one’s understanding of how values motivate ecopreneurship behavior. Conservation values were added to the values known to influence proenvironmental behavior. Furthermore, Schwartz's value theory, strongly associated with Western, individualistic, culture is suggested to be adapted. In Asian – collectivist – cultures, the values driving the entrepreneur are often more community-oriented than individualistic.Practical implicationsThis study recommends policymakers to create more inclusive policies to foster the acceleration of sustainable development by equitably including both genders and encourages them to promote local culture, which motivates entrepreneurs in the craft sector to adopt ecopreneurship practices.Originality/valueThe study contributes to the entrepreneurship literature, particularly to the fields of gender and ecopreneurship, by considering the intersections of identities of the ecopreneurs. A research agenda for ecological entrepreneurship and family business researchers is provided.

scholarly journals The Benefits of Self-Transcendence: Examining the Role of Values on Mental Health Among Adolescents Across Regions in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Liu ◽  
Xiaofeng Wang ◽  
Dan Li ◽  
Rongwei Zhang ◽  
Hui Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Positive Psychology ◽  
Mental Stress ◽  
Openness To Change ◽  
New Science ◽  
Conservation Values ◽  
Self Transcendence

As one of the foundations of existential positive psychology, self-transcendence can bring positive intrapersonal and interpersonal outcomes, especially in the COVID-19 era in which people are suffering huge mental stress. Based on Schwartz's theory of human basic values, the current study combines variable-centered and person-centered approaches to examine the relationships between adolescents' values and mental health across two regions in China. The results generally showed that (1) both self-enhancement and conservation values were positively correlated with depression and loneliness, while both self-transcendence and openness to change values negatively correlated with depression and loneliness. The results also showed that (2) there were four value clusters (i.e., self-focus, other-focus, anxiety-free, undifferentiated), and, compared to adolescents in the self-focus and undifferentiated values cluster, all adolescents in the anxiety-free values cluster reported lower depression and loneliness, while all adolescents in the other-focus values cluster reported higher depression and loneliness. The differences between the two regional groups only emerged in depression. Specifically, adolescents in Shanghai have higher levels of depression than adolescents in Qingdao. This study provides some evidence for the new science of self-transcendence among adolescents and also sheds light on how we may improve the level of mental health during the COVID-19 era.

scholarly journals Integrating Turkish Work and Achievement Goals With Schwartz’s Human Values

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suna Tevrüz ◽  
Tülay Turgut ◽  
Murat Çinko
Keyword(s):  
Multidimensional Scaling ◽  
Achievement Goals ◽  
Value Theory ◽  
Specific Aspect ◽  
Human Values ◽  
Scaling Method ◽  
Openness To Change ◽  
Circular Structure ◽  
Universal Values

The purpose of this study was to examine the integration of indigenous values developed in Turkey to Schwartz’s universal values. Students (N = 593) from six universities in Istanbul responded the value scale, which consists of 10 etic PVQ items (each item representing one of 10 main Schwartz values) and 23 emic WAG items (representing work-achievement goals). PROXSCAL, a multidimensional scaling method, was used to test whether etic and emic sets of values integrate and form the universal circular structure proposed in Schwartz value theory. The motivational continuum of values as a circular structure was similar to pan-cultural results, but adding another value type to the openness to change pole. While some of the items in this region represent autonomy of thought, remaining items diverge. The principle of conflicting values on opposite poles was not supported in relation to openness to change-conservation dimension. These two poles had similar priorities, contrasting with pan-cultural results, and demonstrating a culture-specific aspect of responding to motivational goals. Insights gained by emic studies will be functional in enriching understanding values, and contributing to the comprehensiveness and universality of Schwartz value theory.

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