Young Children’s Social Networks in an Informal Urban Settlement in Kenya: Examining Network Characteristics Among Kamba, Kikuyu, Luo, and Maasai Children

Children’s social networks comprise a variety of social partners who interact with the child in unique ways and contribute distinctly to her social and emotional development. This study examines the structure of children’s social networks from four different ethnic groups (Kamba, Kikuyu, Luo, and Maasai) residing in an informal urban settlement in Kenya. Twenty boys and 24 girls ( M = 40 months) were observed on three different weekdays for 2 hr each day, to assess children’s experiences across daylight hours. Children’s social networks predominantly consisted of nonrelative children and nonrelative adults. However, larger social networks did not necessarily mean more highly involved members. Peers were observed to be in close proximity and to engage in play and conversation with the focal children more often than did adult social partners. The findings have implications for intervention programs that focus predominantly on nuclear family members, as they may overlook important roles that other social network members play in children’s lives. The low occurrence of play between adults and children in this study is consistent with studies in other non-Western contexts, where play is generally not considered part of parents’ role nor a fundamental characteristic of parent–child interactions.