scholarly journals Etiology of Hypomineralized Second Primary Molars: A Prospective Twin Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.J. Silva ◽  
N.M. Kilpatrick ◽  
J.M. Craig ◽  
D.J. Manton ◽  
P. Leong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Maternal Smoking ◽  
Environmental Risk Factors ◽  
Primary Molars ◽  
Second Primary ◽  
Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Genes And Environment ◽  
25 Hydroxyvitamin D

The etiology of hypomineralized second primary molars (HSPM) is unclear, but genetic and environmental factors have been proposed. The aim of this study was to investigate the relative contribution of genes and environment to the etiology of HSPM and to identify potential environmental risk factors in a longitudinal twin cohort. Children from twin pregnancies ( N = 250) were recruited antenatally, and detailed demographic, health, and phenotypic data were collected at recruitment, 24- and 36-wk gestation, birth, and 18 mo of age. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D was quantified for mothers at 28-wk gestation and infants at birth. Dental examinations were conducted on the twins at 6 y of age to determine the presence, severity, and extent of HSPM per standardized criteria. To investigate associations of environmental risk factors with HSPM, multiple logistic regression models were fitted with generalized estimating equations to adjust for twin correlation. Within- and between-pair analyses were performed for unshared continuous variables: birthweight and birth 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Twin-twin concordance for monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) pairs was calculated and compared after adjusting for identified risk factors. A total of 344 twins underwent the 6-y-old dental assessment; HSPM occurred in 68 (19.8%). After adjusting for potential confounders, vitamin D levels at birth, infantile eczema, dizygosity, in vitro fertilization, socioeconomic position, and maternal smoking beyond the first trimester of pregnancy demonstrated the strongest associations with HSPM. Overall concordance for HSPM was 0.47 (95% CI, 0.32 to 0.62) with weak evidence ( P = 0.078) of higher concordance in MZ twins (0.63; 95% CI, 0.38 to 0.89) as compared with DZ twins (0.41; 95% CI, 0.24 to 0.58). After adjusting for known risk factors, there was no evidence ( P = 0.172) for an additive genetic influence. These findings suggest that shared and unshared environmental factors, such as maternal smoking later in pregnancy and infantile eczema, are important in the etiology of HSPM.

scholarly journals Environmental Factors and Prevalence of Hookworm infection and Strongyloidiasis in Rural East Kalimantan, Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 125 ◽  
pp. 04001
Author(s):  
Blego Sedionoto ◽  
Sueptrakool Wasessombat ◽  
Chuchard Punsawad ◽  
Witthaya Anamnart
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Rural Community ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Environmental Risk Factors ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Hookworm Infection ◽  
East Kalimantan ◽  
Chi Square Analysis

The prevalence of hookworm infection and strongyloidiasis is serious public health concern globally. In rural East Kalimantan, Indonesia has high-risk environmental factors of the prevalence of hookworm infection and strongyloidiasis. In this study would show the infection rates, correlation analysis between environmental risk factors and prevalence of hookworm infection with statistical analysis. We performed a cross-sectional study among 213 participants from rural community of East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. In this study used two diagnostic methods: Kato Katz and Koga agar plate culture/KAP culture for diagnosing of hookworm and Strongyloides infections. Chi-square analysis was used for study correlation between environmental factors and hookworm infection. Hookworm, strongyloides, and ascaris infections were found in this study; 44.1%, 16.4%, and 7.5% respectively. Environmental risk factors such as; rainy season, quality of soil and infection hookworm and strongyloides in pet have significant correlation (p-value < 0.05) with hookworm infection and strongyloidiasis. The prevalence of hookworm infection and strongyloidiasis has correlation with environmental factors, and the finding in this research could be contributed to decreasing program of hookworm infection and strongyloidiasis especially in rural community area.

Bulimia nervosa and major depression: a study of common genetic and environmental factors

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 617-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen E. Walters ◽  
Michael C. Neale ◽  
Lindon J. Eaves ◽  
Andrew C. Heath ◽  
Ronald C. Kessler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Family Environment ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Environmental Risk Factors ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Clinical Diagnoses ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

SynopsisA genetic analysis of the co-occurrence of bulimia and major depression (MD) was performed on 1033 female twin pairs obtained from a population based register. Personal interviews were conducted and clinical diagnoses made according to DSM-III-R criteria.Additive genes, but not family environment, are found to play an important aetiological role in both bulimia and MD. The genetic liabilities of the two disorders are correlated 0·456. While unique environmental factors account for around half of the variation in liability to both bulimia and MD, these risk factors appear to be unrelated, i.e., each disorder has its own set of unique environmental risk factors. Thus, the genetic liability of bulimia and MD is neither highly specific nor entirely nonspecific. There is some genetic correlation between the two disorders as well as some genetic and environmental risk factors unique to each disorder. Limitations and directions for future research are discussed.

scholarly journals Environment and the Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. e18-e24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Frolkis ◽  
Levinus A Dieleman ◽  
Herman W Barkema ◽  
Remo Panaccione ◽  
Subrata Ghosh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Environmental Risk Factors ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Commensal Flora ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), which consists of Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis, are chronic inflammatory conditions of the gas-trointestinal tract. In genetically susceptible individuals, the interaction between environmental factors and normal intestinal commensal flora is believed to lead to an inappropriate immune response that results in chronic inflammation. The incidence of IBD have increased in the past century in developed and developing countries. The purpose of the present review is to summarize the current knowledge of the association between environmental risk factors and IBD. A number of environmental risk factors were investigated including smoking, hygiene, microorganisms, oral contraceptives, antibiotics, diet, breast-feeding, geographical factors, pollution and stress. Inconsistent findings among the studies highlight the complex pathogenesis of IBD. Additional studies are necessary to identify and elucidate the role of environmental factors in IBD etiology.

Genetic and environmental risk factors in males for self-report externalizing traits in mid-adolescence and criminal behavior through young adulthood

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 2161-2168 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. Kendler ◽  
C. J. Patrick ◽  
H. Larsson ◽  
C. O. Gardner ◽  
P. Lichtenstein
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Genetic Risk ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Environmental Risk Factors ◽  
Environmental Risks ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Equation Modeling

BackgroundExternalizing traits or behaviors are typically assessed by self-report scales or criminal records. Few genetically informative studies have used both methods to determine whether they assess the same genetic or environmental risk factors.MethodWe examined 442 male Swedish twin pairs with self-reported externalizing behaviors at age 16–17 years [externalizing traits (EXT), self-reported delinquency (SRD), impulsivity (IMP), grandiosity (GRD) and callousness (CLS)] and criminal behavior (CB) from the National Suspect Registry from age 13 to 25 years. Multivariate structural equation modeling was conducted with Mx.ResultsThe best-fit model contained one genetic, one shared environmental and two non-shared environmental common factors, and variable specific genetic and non-shared environmental factors. The risk for CB was influenced substantially by both genetic (a2 = 0.48) and familial–environmental factors (c2 = 0.22). About one-third of the genetic risk for CB but all of the shared environmental risk was indexed by the self-report measures. The degree to which the individual measures reflected genetic versus familial–environmental risks for CB varied widely. GRD and CLS were correlated with CB mainly through common genetic risk factors. SRD and CB covaried largely because of shared familial–environmental factors. For EXT and IMP, observed correlations with CB resulted in about equal parts from shared genetic and shared familial–environmental factors.ConclusionsIn adolescence, measures of grandiose and callous temperament best tap the genetic liability to CB. Measures of antisocial behaviors better index familial–environmental risks for CB. A substantial proportion of the genetic risk to CB was not well reflected in any of the self-report measures.

Maternal Smoking during Pregnancy Is Associated with Offspring Hypodontia

2017 ◽  
Vol 96 (9) ◽  
pp. 1014-1019 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.H. Al-Ani ◽  
J.S. Antoun ◽  
W.M. Thomson ◽  
T.R. Merriman ◽  
M. Farella
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Maternal Smoking ◽  
Environmental Risk Factors ◽  
Second Hand Smoke ◽  
Socioeconomic Background ◽  
Caffeine Consumption ◽  
Smoking During Pregnancy ◽  
Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy ◽  
Study Designs

Little is known about environmental risk factors for hypodontia. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between hypodontia and common environmental risk factors, such as maternal smoking and alcohol and caffeine consumption during pregnancy. Eighty-nine hypodontia cases with 1 or more missing permanent lateral incisors and/or 1 or more missing premolars were enrolled in this clinic-based case-control study. Some 253 controls with no missing teeth were frequency matched to cases by age and sex. Hypodontia was diagnosed using panoramic radiographs. Sociodemographic data were collected from both the participants and their mothers, with maternal self-reported active and passive smoking, as well as alcohol and caffeine consumption during pregnancy, assessed by a questionnaire. Odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated with logistic regression to assess the strength of association between risk factors and hypodontia. OR estimates were then adjusted for possible confounders, such as maternal age at delivery, sex and gestational age of the child, and household socioeconomic background. Significant associations were found between hypodontia and maternal cigarette use during pregnancy, as well as the number of cigarettes smoked per day. The consumption of 10 or more cigarettes per day during pregnancy was associated with greater odds of having a child with hypodontia (adjusted OR, 4.18; 95% CI, 1.48–11.80; P = 0.007). Observed associations between hypodontia, second-hand smoke, and alcohol and caffeine consumption were not statistically significant. Maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with hypodontia. Larger samples and prospective observational study designs, however, are needed to investigate this association further.

scholarly journals Environmental factors and a risk for multiple sclerosis in the Altai Territory

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 52-58
Author(s):  
I. P. Saldan ◽  
I. V. Smagina ◽  
S. A. Elchaninova
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Whooping Cough ◽  
Randomized Study ◽  
Environmental Risk Factors ◽  
Ore Deposits ◽  
Oil Refineries

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic dysimmune neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system, the risk of which depends on genetic and environmental factors. The Altai Territory of the Russian Federation shows an increase in the prevalence of MS from 15.5 cases per 100,000population in 1984 to 56.1 in 2017.Objective: to identify potential environmental risk factors for MS in the Altai Territory.Patients and methods. A one-stage randomized study using the method of analytical epidemiology covered 200patients with MS and 200 volunteers without this condition, the representatives of European ethnicity, who were born and lived in the Altai Territory. The investigators surveyed the patients, analyzed their medical records, and assessed the relationship of the prevalence of MS to the characteristics of the territories of residence.Results and discussion. The prevalence of MS was 1.8 times higher in cities and towns than in villages (p=0.003), in areas with heavy metal (lead and molybdenum) ore deposits, chemical and oil refineries located within a 5-km radius from the place of residence. The risk of MS is unassociated with measles, rubella, chicken pox, mumps, whooping cough, herpes infection, chronic nasopharyngeal bacterial infections, diabetes mellitus, allergic status, and contact with household, agricultural, metal, and medicinal poisons, organic solvents, and oil products.Conclusion.The identified environmental risk factors can serve as a basis for recommendations for the prevention of MS in persons at high genetic risk for this disease.

scholarly journals Environmental risk factors associated with the presence of Mycobacterium ulcerans in Victoria, Australia

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim R Blasdell ◽  
Bridgette McNamara ◽  
Daniel P O'Brien ◽  
Mary Tachedjian ◽  
Victoria Boyd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Environmental Risk Factors ◽  
Reservoir Host ◽  
Mycobacterium Ulcerans ◽  
Alkaline Soil ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Lower Altitude ◽  
Factors Associated

In recent years reported cases of Buruli ulcer (BU), caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans (MU), have increased substantially in Victoria, Australia, with the epidemic also expanding geographically. To develop an understanding of how MU circulates in the environment and transmits to humans we analyzed environmental samples collected from 115 properties of recent BU cases and from 115 postcode-matched control properties, for the presence of MU. Environmental factors associated with increased odds of MU presence at a property included certain native plant species and native vegetation in general, more alkaline soil, lower altitude, the presence of common ringtail possums (Pseudocheirus peregrinus) and overhead powerlines. However, only powerlines and the absence of the native plant Melaleuca lanceolata were associated with BU case properties. Samples positive for MU were more likely to be found at case properties and were associated with detections of MU in ringtail possum feces, supporting the hypothesis that MU is zoonotic, with ringtail possums the strongest reservoir host candidate. However, the disparity in environmental risk factors associated with MU positive properties versus case properties indicates a strong human behavioral component or the influence of other environmental factors in disease acquisition that requires further study.

scholarly journals Environmental Risk Factors for Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder and Their Relationship to Genetic Risk: Current Knowledge and Future Directions

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natassia Robinson ◽  
Sarah E. Bergen
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Genetic Risk ◽  
Childhood Adversity ◽  
Environmental Exposures ◽  
Genetic Risk Factors ◽  
Environmental Risk Factors ◽  
Early Gene

Schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) are severe psychiatric disorders which result from complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. It is well-established that they are highly heritable disorders, and considerable progress has been made identifying their shared and distinct genetic risk factors. However, the 15–40% of risk that is derived from environmental sources is less definitively known. Environmental factors that have been repeatedly investigated and often associated with SZ include: obstetric complications, infections, winter or spring birth, migration, urban living, childhood adversity, and cannabis use. There is evidence that childhood adversity and some types of infections are also associated with BD. Evidence for other risk factors in BD is weaker due to fewer studies and often smaller sample sizes. Relatively few environmental exposures have ever been examined for SZ or BD, and additional ones likely remain to be discovered. A complete picture of how genetic and environmental risk factors confer risk for these disorders requires an understanding of how they interact. Early gene-by-environment interaction studies for both SZ and BD often involved candidate genes and were underpowered. Larger samples with genome-wide data and polygenic risk scores now offer enhanced prospects to reveal genetic interactions with environmental exposures that contribute to risk for these disorders. Overall, although some environmental risk factors have been identified for SZ, few have been for BD, and the extent to which these account for the total risk from environmental sources remains unknown. For both disorders, interactions between genetic and environmental risk factors are also not well understood and merit further investigation. Questions remain regarding the mechanisms by which risk factors exert their effects, and the ways in which environmental factors differ by sex. Concurrent investigations of environmental and genetic risk factors in SZ and BD are needed as we work toward a more comprehensive understanding of the ways in which these disorders arise.

scholarly journals Environmental Risk Factors and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: An Umbrella Review and Critical Assessment of Current Evidence from Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Observational Studies

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lazaros Belbasis ◽  
Vanesa Bellou ◽  
Evangelos Evangelou
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Random Effects ◽  
Systematic Reviews ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Environmental Risk Factors ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

Background: The pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) involves both environmental and genetic factors. Our study aimed at summarising the environmental risk factors for ALS, assessing the evidence for diverse biases, and pinpointing risk factors with high epidemiological credibility. Methods: We searched PubMed from inception to August 20, 2015, to identify systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies examining associations between environmental factors and ALS. For each meta-analysis, we estimated the summary effect size by the use of random-effects and fixed-effects models, the 95% CI, the 95% prediction interval (PI), and the between-study heterogeneity. We assessed the evidence of small-study effects and excess significance bias. Results: Sixteen unique meta-analyses of different risk factors and ALS were considered. Of them, 5 were statistically significant at p < 0.001 under the random-effects model. Only one factor presented robust evidence for a convincing association. This association pertained to chronic occupational exposure to lead (random-effects OR 1.81, 95% CI 1.39-2.35). Conclusions: A small number of published meta-analyses on environmental factors and risk of ALS was identified, a phenomenon that could be attributed to the challenges in studying a rare neurological disease. More observational studies with adequate sample size and study design are needed to clarify the environmental component of ALS pathogenesis.

scholarly journals Association between environmental risk factors and campylobacter infections in Sweden

2004 ◽  
Vol 132 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. NYGÅRD ◽  
Y. ANDERSSON ◽  
J. A. RØTTINGEN ◽  
Å. SVENSSON ◽  
J. LINDBÄCK ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Geographical Information Systems ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Environmental Risk Factors ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Pipe Length ◽  
Campylobacter Infections

Campylobacter sp. is the most common cause of acute bacterial gastroenteritis in Sweden and the incidence has been increasing. Case-control studies to identify risk factors have been conducted in several countries, but much remains unexplained. The geographical distribution of campylobacter infections varies substantially, and many environmental factors may influence the observed pattern. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) offer an opportunity to use routinely available surveillance data to explore associations between potential environmental risk factors showing a geographical pattern and disease incidence, complementing traditional approaches for investigating risk factors for disease. We investigated associations between campylobacter incidence and environmental factors related to water and livestock in Sweden. Poisson regression was used to estimate the strength of the associations. Positive associations were found between campylobacter incidence and average water-pipe length per person, ruminant density, and a negative association with the percentage of the population receiving water from a public water supply. This indicates that drinking water and contamination from livestock may be important factors in explaining sporadic human campylobacteriosis in Sweden, and that contamination occurring in the water distribution system might be more important than previously considered.

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