scholarly journals EXPRESS: Do Animated Line Graphs Increase Risk Inferences?

2021 ◽  
pp. 002224372110021
Author(s):  
Junghan Kim ◽  
Arun Lakshmanan
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Commodity Prices ◽  
Inference Making ◽  
Mediation Analyses ◽  
Graph Type ◽  
Global Trend ◽  
Increase Risk ◽  
Process Factors ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Risk Judgments

This article shows that animated display of time-varying data (e.g., stock or commodity prices) enhances risk judgments. We outline a process whereby animated display enhances the visual salience of transitions in a trajectory (i.e., successive changes in data values), which leads to transitions being utilized more to form cognitive inferences about risk. In turn, this leads to inflated risk judgments. The studies reported in this article provide converging evidence via eye-tracking (Study 1), serial mediation analyses (Studies 2 and 3), and experimental manipulations of the process factors: transition salience (graph type; Study 3) and utilization of transitions (global trend; Study 4 and investment goals; Study 5) and in the process, outline boundary conditions. We also demonstrate the effect of animated display upon consequential investment decisions and behavior. This paper adds to the literature on salience effects by disambiguating the role of inference-making in how salience of stimuli causes biases in judgments. Broader implications for visual information processing, data visualization, financial decision-making, and public policy are also discussed.

The development of joint attention in blind infants

2003 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANN E. BIGELOW
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Joint Attention ◽  
Late Stage ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Ecological Self ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
External Cues ◽  
Self Knowledge ◽  
And Behavior

There is little documentation of how and when joint attention emerges in blind infants because the study of this ability has been predominantly reliant on visual information. Ecological self-knowledge, which is necessary for joint attention, is impaired in blind infants and is evidenced by their reaching for objects on external cues, which also marks the beginning of their Stage 4 understanding of space and object. Entry into Stage 4 should occur before joint attention emerges in these infants. In a case study of two totally blind infants, the development of joint attention was longitudinally examined during Stage 4 in monthly sessions involving interactions with objects and familiar adults. The interactions were scored for behavior preliminary to joint attention, behavior liberally construed as joint attention, and behavior conservatively construed as joint attention. Behavior preliminary to joint attention occurred throughout Stage 4; behavior suggestive of joint attention by both liberal and conservative standards emerged initially in Stage 4 and became prevalent by mid to late Stage 4. The findings are discussed in terms of how they inform our thinking about the development of joint attention with respect to the importance of vision, cognition, social context, language, and early self-knowledge.

scholarly journals Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol in psychosis: A balancing act of the principal phyto-cannabinoids on human brain and behavior?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suhas Ganesh ◽  
Jose Cortes-Briones ◽  
Ashley M Schnakenberg Martin ◽  
Patrick D Skosnik ◽  
Deepak Cyril D'Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Dose Ratio ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Neural Noise ◽  
Global Trend ◽  
Brain And Behavior ◽  
Medical Indications ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Psychotomimetic Effects

Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) are the principal phyto-cannabinoids in the cannabis plant. The differential and possibly antagonistic effects of these compounds on specific brain and behavioral responses, and the mechanisms underlying their effects have generated extensive interest in pre-clinical and clinical neuroscience investigations. In this double-blind randomized placebo-controlled counterbalanced human laboratory experiment, we examined the effects of three different dose ratios of CBD: THC (1:1, 2:1 and 3:1) on neural noise, an electrophysiological biomarker of psychosis known to be sensitive to cannabinoids as well as subjective and psychotomimetic effects. Interestingly, the lowest CBD:THC ratio (1:1) resulted in maximal attenuation of both THC induced psychotomimetic effects (PANSS positive - ATS = 7.83, df = 1, pcorr = 0.015) and neural noise (ATS = 8.83, df = 1, pcorr = 0.009) with an inverse-linear dose response relationship. Further, in line with previous studies, addition of CBD did not reduce the subjective experience of THC induced high (p > 0.05 for all CBD doses). These novel results demonstrate that CBD attenuates THC induced subjective and objective effects relevant to psychosis- but in a dose/ratio dependent manner. Given the increasing global trend of cannabis liberalization and application for medical indications, these results assume considerable significance given the potential dose related interactions of these key phyto-cannabinoids.

scholarly journals An afferent white matter pathway from the pulvinar to the amygdala facilitates fear recognition

eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica McFadyen ◽  
Jason B Mattingley ◽  
Marta I Garrido
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Editorial Note ◽  
Dynamic Coupling ◽  
Diffusion Weighted Images ◽  
Human Connectome Project ◽  
Fearful Face ◽  
Neuroimaging Study ◽  
Haemodynamic Activity ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Subcortical Pathway

Our ability to rapidly detect threats is thought to be subserved by a subcortical pathway that quickly conveys visual information to the amygdala. This neural shortcut has been demonstrated in animals but has rarely been shown in the human brain. Importantly, it remains unclear whether such a pathway might influence neural activity and behavior. We conducted a multimodal neuroimaging study of 622 participants from the Human Connectome Project. We applied probabilistic tractography to diffusion-weighted images, reconstructing a subcortical pathway to the amygdala from the superior colliculus via the pulvinar. We then computationally modeled the flow of haemodynamic activity during a face-viewing task and found evidence for a functionally afferent pulvinar-amygdala pathway. Critically, individuals with greater fibre density in this pathway also had stronger dynamic coupling and enhanced fearful face recognition. Our findings provide converging evidence for the recruitment of an afferent subcortical pulvinar connection to the amygdala that facilitates fear recognition.Editorial note: This article has been through an editorial process in which the authors decide how to respond to the issues raised during peer review. The Reviewing Editor's assessment is that minor issues remain unresolved (<xref ref-type="decision-letter" rid="SA1">see decision letter</xref>).

scholarly journals Reward Rapidly Enhances Visual Perception

2021 ◽  
pp. 095679762110218
Author(s):  
Phillip (Xin) Cheng ◽  
Anina N. Rich ◽  
Mike E. Le Pelley
Keyword(s):  
Visual Perception ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Response Accuracy ◽  
Modulation Effect ◽  
High Reward ◽  
Behavioral Evidence ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Reward Information

Rewards exert a deep influence on our cognition and behavior. Here, we used a paradigm in which reward information was provided at either encoding or retrieval of a brief, masked stimulus to show that reward can also rapidly modulate perceptual encoding of visual information. Experiment 1 ( n = 30 adults) showed that participants’ response accuracy was enhanced when a to-be-encoded grating signaled high reward relative to low reward, but only when the grating was presented very briefly and participants reported that they were not consciously aware of it. Experiment 2 ( n = 29 adults) showed that there was no difference in participants’ response accuracy when reward information was instead provided at the stage of retrieval, ruling out an explanation of the reward-modulation effect in terms of differences in motivated retrieval. Taken together, our findings provide behavioral evidence consistent with a rapid reward modulation of visual perception, which may not require consciousness.

How Gifts Influence Relationships With Service Customers and Financial Outcomes for Firms

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Marchand ◽  
Michael Paul ◽  
Thorsten Hennig-Thurau ◽  
Georg Puchner
Keyword(s):  
Customer Relationships ◽  
Financial Outcomes ◽  
Internal Customer ◽  
Mediation Analyses ◽  
Customer Perceptions ◽  
Service Companies ◽  
Spending Behavior ◽  
Relationship Investment ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Impact

Service companies invest billions of dollars to develop and maintain long-term customer relationships by offering corporate gifts. Yet several questions remain regarding such relationship marketing instruments: What impact do different kinds of gifts have on customers? Which perceptions allow gifts to affect customer behavior? What financial outcomes do these gifts imply for firms? To answer these questions, the authors use data from 1,950 airline customers—combining a longitudinal field experiment with internal customer database information—and explore the effects of different gift designs on customer perceptions and actual spending behavior. The experiment manipulates four gift designs (economic related/unrelated; social related/unrelated) and measures customer perceptions and behavior at different points in time. Multivariate analyses of covariance (MANCOVAs) and spotlight analyses reveal that the congruent combinations of economic related and social unrelated gift dimensions have the strongest effects on customer perceptions of relationship investment. Serial mediation analyses further reveal that the impact of gifts on customer spending is fully mediated by customer perceptions of perceived relationship investment and repurchase intention. Economic related gifts produce the highest contribution margins. Service managers may use these findings to design effective gifts and management processes (e.g., gift success tracking).

scholarly journals Dynamic reorganization of human resting-state networks during visuospatial attention

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (26) ◽  
pp. 8112-8117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Spadone ◽  
Stefania Della Penna ◽  
Carlo Sestieri ◽  
Viviana Betti ◽  
Annalisa Tosoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Visuospatial Attention ◽  
Attention Task ◽  
Attention Selection ◽  
And Behavior

Fundamental problems in neuroscience today are understanding how patterns of ongoing spontaneous activity are modified by task performance and whether/how these intrinsic patterns influence task-evoked activation and behavior. We examined these questions by comparing instantaneous functional connectivity (IFC) and directed functional connectivity (DFC) changes in two networks that are strongly correlated and segregated at rest: the visual (VIS) network and the dorsal attention network (DAN). We measured how IFC and DFC during a visuospatial attention task, which requires dynamic selective rerouting of visual information across hemispheres, changed with respect to rest. During the attention task, the two networks remained relatively segregated, and their general pattern of within-network correlation was maintained. However, attention induced a decrease of correlation in the VIS network and an increase of the DAN→VIS IFC and DFC, especially in a top-down direction. In contrast, within the DAN, IFC was not modified by attention, whereas DFC was enhanced. Importantly, IFC modulations were behaviorally relevant. We conclude that a stable backbone of within-network functional connectivity topography remains in place when transitioning between resting wakefulness and attention selection. However, relative decrease of correlation of ongoing “idling” activity in visual cortex and synchronization between frontoparietal and visual cortex were behaviorally relevant, indicating that modulations of resting activity patterns are important for task performance. Higher order resting connectivity in the DAN was relatively unaffected during attention, potentially indicating a role for simultaneous ongoing activity as a “prior” for attention selection.

Introduction to Special Issue “Statistical Issues and Innovations in Predicting Recidivism”

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Maaike Helmus ◽  
Kelly M. Babchishin
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Predictive Accuracy ◽  
Formal Training ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Mediation Analyses ◽  
Introductory Paper ◽  
Statistical Issues ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Dichotomous Outcomes

Risk assessment is one of the most common tasks in the criminal justice system, yet most professionals in this field receive little to no formal training in statistical techniques for predicting dichotomous outcomes, such as recidivism. The purpose of this special issue was to help fill this gap in training and resources. We wanted to make some of the latest statistical issues and advances in predicting recidivism accessible to the readership of Criminal Justice and Behavior. In this introductory paper, we briefly describe the seven articles in this issue. The first three articles provide primers on topics (statistics to assess predictive accuracy, the Expected/Observed [E/O] Index, and mediation analyses, respectively) in a way that is meant to be understandable to clinicians and researchers. The next two articles describe and compare different statistics for assessing change over time. The last two articles explore limitations of currently used recidivism analyses (area under the curves [AUCs], Harrell’s C, Cox and logistic regression). We hope this issue will serve as a helpful resource for those who conduct or consume research on predicting recidivism.

The Role of Peers and Siblings in Adolescent Sexual Decisions

2019 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-441
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Friedman ◽  
Cheryl L. Somers ◽  
Lauren Mangus
Keyword(s):  
Sibling Relationships ◽  
Social Contagion ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Mediation Analyses ◽  
The Social ◽  
Peer Approval ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior

The purpose of this study was to examine the contributions of peer and sibling relationships to adolescent sexual attitudes and behavior. Data were collected from a sample of 492 participants, ages 14 to 18 years, from a large suburban high school in the Midwest. The results revealed that more than half of the female participants were initiated into nonvirginity by experienced males, which provides some support for the social contagion theory. Perceived peer approval was the strongest predictor, with siblings also contributing. Some mediation analyses were significant as well. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.

A Tale of Two Visual Systems: Invariant and Adaptive Visual Information Representations in the Primate Brain

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 311-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaoda Xu
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Posterior Parietal Cortex ◽  
Visual Representations ◽  
Primate Brain ◽  
Visual Systems ◽  
Two Visual Systems ◽  
Adaptive Nature ◽  
And Behavior

Visual information processing contains two opposite needs. There is both a need to comprehend the richness of the visual world and a need to extract only pertinent visual information to guide thoughts and behavior at a given moment. I argue that these two aspects of visual processing are mediated by two complementary visual systems in the primate brain—specifically, the occipitotemporal cortex (OTC) and the posterior parietal cortex (PPC). The role of OTC in visual processing has been documented extensively by decades of neuroscience research. I review here recent evidence from human imaging and monkey neurophysiology studies to highlight the role of PPC in adaptive visual processing. I first document the diverse array of visual representations found in PPC. I then describe the adaptive nature of visual representation in PPC by contrasting visual processing in OTC and PPC and by showing that visual representations in PPC largely originate from OTC.

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