Structural Reliability and Stability of Nonmetric Conjoint Analysis

1982 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naresh K. Malhotra
Keyword(s):  
Conjoint Analysis ◽  
Structural Reliability ◽  
Standard Errors ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Substantial Variation ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Structural Perturbation ◽  
Estimated Parameters ◽  
Treatment Conditions ◽  
The Individual

Structural reliability and stability of nonmetric conjoint analysis are examined under conditions of severe structural perturbation and substantial variation in the number of stimulus profiles. The individual-level part worth functions are jackknifed. The jackknifed parameters, derived relative importance weights, and standard errors of estimated parameters are examined across the different treatment conditions. The results indicate that conjoint analysis is a fairly robust procedure for assessing an individual's preferences.

Levels of Aggregation in Conjoint Analysis: An Empirical Comparison

1980 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 516-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
William L. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Conjoint Analysis ◽  
Predictive Power ◽  
Aggregate Level ◽  
Segmentation Method ◽  
Empirical Comparison ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Aggregate Analysis ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Level Analysis

Two segmented methods of performing conjoint anal/sis, clustered and componential segmentation, are compared with each other as well as with individual level and totally aggregate level analyses. The two segmented methods provide insights to the data that (1) are not obtainable at the aggregate level and (2) are in a form that is more easily communicated than the information from the individual level analysis. The predictive power of the clustered segmentation method is higher than that of componential segmentation, and both are superior to the aggregate analysis but inferior to individual level analysis.

scholarly journals Environment and sex control lifespan and telomere length in wild-derived African killifish

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Reichard ◽  
Kety Giannetti ◽  
Tania Ferreira ◽  
Milan Vrtílek ◽  
Matej Polačik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Telomere Length ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Length Distribution ◽  
Substantial Variation ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Annual Killifish ◽  
Sex Control ◽  
Adaptive Value ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Good Descriptor

ABSTRACTTelomere length is correlated positively with longevity at the individual level, but negatively when compared across species. Here, we tested the association between lifespan and telomere length in African annual killifish. We analyzed telomere length in 18 Nothobranchius strains derived from diverse habitats and measured the laboratory lifespan of 14 strains of N. furzeri and N. kadleci. We found that males had shorter telomeres than females. The longest telomeres were recorded in strains derived from dry region where male lifespans were shortest. At the individual level, we detected a weak negative association between rapid juvenile growth and shorter telomeres in early adulthood. Overall, average telomere length was a good descriptor of telomere length distribution. However, within-individual telomere length spread was not related to any pattern. This substantial variation in telomere length between strains from different environments provides killifish as powerful tool to understand the evolutionarily adaptive value of telomere length.

Model Misspecification in Multiattribute Parameter Estimation

1981 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank J. Carmone ◽  
Paul E. Green
Keyword(s):  
Parameter Estimation ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Conjoint Analysis ◽  
Model Misspecification ◽  
Utility Functions ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Data Points ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Main Effects

Most applications of conjoint analysis have emphasized main-effects models, largely because fewer data points are needed to fit that type of model at the individual level. The authors suggest that such simplifications can lead to poor predictions when the underlying utility functions depart from the simplicity of a main-effects model. They also show how compromise designs, which allow orthogonal estimation of selected two-way interactions (as well as main effects), can provide a more general experimental design in cases where a specified set of two-way interactions is suspected.

scholarly journals Impact of individual protected areas on deforestation and carbon emissions in Acre, Brazil

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Teemu Koskimäki ◽  
Johanna Eklund ◽  
Gabriel M Moulatlet ◽  
Hanna Tuomisto
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Forest Loss ◽  
Substantial Variation ◽  
Matching Method ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Impact Studies ◽  
The Individual

Summary Protecting tropical forests from deforestation is important for mitigating both biodiversity loss and anthropogenic climate change. In Amazonia, a common approach to protected area (PA) impact studies has been to investigate differences among broad PA categories, such as strictly protected, sustainable use and indigenous areas, yet these may be insufficient for the management of PAs at local scales. We used a matching method to compare impacts and carbon emissions avoided during 2011–2016 of individual PAs in the state of Acre (Brazil). Although most PAs had a positive impact and effectively prevented forest loss, we observed substantial variation among them in terms of impacts, pressures and emissions during our study period. The impacts varied from 3.6% avoided to 15.6% induced forest loss compared to expected levels of deforestation estimated for each PA using the matching method. All but a few PAs helped avoid substantial amounts of emissions. Our results emphasize the need for more PA impact studies that compare multiple PAs at the individual level in Amazonia and beyond.

scholarly journals The Relative Impact Of Public Information In Shaping Investor Expectations

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Burnett ◽  
Carolyn Carroll ◽  
Paul Thistle
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Public Information ◽  
Relative Impact ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Additional Insight ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Risk Return ◽  
News Announcements ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Underlying Risk

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt; mso-hyphenate: none;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; letter-spacing: -0.1pt; font-size: 10pt;">Empirical studies at the individual level (event studies) and those using more general measures of information and/or aggregate price movements often yield somewhat conflicting results regarding the relative importance of public information.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>Employing a more focused methodology that begins with no prior limitations on the number and types of public news announcements that may affect the underlying risk-return relationship, we are able to offer additional insight regarding the relative impact of public information.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>We find that approximately two-thirds of the changes can be associated with the arrival of public information.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>While, in general, this is a stronger link than previously found, it is a weaker link than expected; leading us to conclude that factors other than public information clearly play an important role.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>We also provide new results on the relative importance of different information types, and on correlates (such as firm size) of the effect of information.</span></p>

scholarly journals Predictors of early survival in Soay sheep: cohort-, maternal- and individual-level variation

2005 ◽  
Vol 272 (1581) ◽  
pp. 2619-2625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Owen R Jones ◽  
Michael J Crawley ◽  
Jill G Pilkington ◽  
Josephine M Pemberton
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Age ◽  
Ovis Aries ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Level Variation ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Soay Sheep ◽  
Individual Based Models ◽  
Feral Population ◽  
Early Survival ◽  
The Individual

A demographic understanding of population dynamics requires an appreciation of the processes influencing survival—a demographic rate influenced by parameters varying at the individual, maternal and cohort level. There have been few attempts to partition the variance in demography contributed by each of these parameter types. Here, we use data from a feral population of Soay sheep ( Ovis aries ), from the island of St Kilda, to explore the relative importance of these parameter types on early survival. We demonstrate that the importance of variation occurring at the level of the individual, and maternally, far outweighs that occurring at the cohort level. The most important variables within the individual and maternal levels were birth weight and maternal age class, respectively. This work underlines the importance of using individual based models in ecological demography and we, therefore, caution against studies that focus solely on population processes.

scholarly journals Estimating and Using Individual Marginal Component Effects from Conjoint Experiments

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Kirill Zhirkov
Keyword(s):  
Conjoint Analysis ◽  
Task Design ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Individual Preferences ◽  
Political Preferences ◽  
Conjoint Experiment ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Heterogeneity Of Preferences ◽  
Additional Assumptions

Abstract Conjoint experiments are quickly gaining popularity as a vehicle for studying multidimensional political preferences. A common way to explore heterogeneity of preferences estimated with conjoint experiments is by estimating average marginal component effects across subgroups. However, this method does not give the researcher the full access to the variation of preferences in the studied populations, as that would require estimating effects on the individual level. Currently, there is no accepted technique to obtain estimates of individual-level preferences from conjoint experiments. The present paper addresses this gap by proposing a procedure to estimate individual preferences as respondent-specific marginal component effects. The proposed strategy does not require any additional assumptions compared to the standard conjoint analysis, although some changes to the task design are recommended. Methods to account for uncertainty in resulting estimates are also discussed. Using the proposed procedure, I partially replicate a conjoint experiment on immigrant admission with recommended design adjustments. Then, I demonstrate how individual marginal component effects can be used to explore distributions of preferences, intercorrelations between different preference dimensions, and relationships of preferences to other variables of interest.

Policy Direction and Performance Evaluation: Complementary Explanations of the Reagan Elections

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Merrill Shanks ◽  
Warren E. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Ronald Reagan ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Comprehensive Model ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Us ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Policy Direction ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Presidential Performance

This article reviews the range of explanations which have been proposed for voting behaviour in the US elections won by Ronald Reagan and develops a comprehensive model for the evolution of electoral choices in both of those contests. Estimates are provided for both the direct and indirect effects of several types of variables or ‘explanatory themes’, and those estimates are used to assess the relative importance of each of those themes in explaining individual-level choices and the aggregate outcomes of both Reagan elections. These procedures suggest that preferences concerning both policy direction and evaluations of national and presidential performance played major roles in the two Reagan elections – both in the individual-level decisions and in producing the Republicans' aggregate victories.

scholarly journals Company-level determinants of disability retirement: a multilevel study of Finnish private sector workplaces

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 1062-1068 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikko Laaksonen ◽  
Juha Rantala ◽  
Jyri Liukko ◽  
Anu Polvinen ◽  
Jarno Varis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Company Size ◽  
Substantial Variation ◽  
Work Activities ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Disability Retirement ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Risk For Disability

Abstract Background We examined whether the risk for disability retirement varies between companies over and above the individual-level characteristics of their employees and which company-level characteristics are associated with the risk for any, full or partial disability retirement. Methods A 30% random sample of Finnish private sector companies with at least 10 employees was used (5567 companies and 301 313 employees). The risk for disability retirement over 6 years was analyzed using multilevel logistic regression. Company size and industry, as well as gender, age, education and social class measured both at the individual- and the company-level were used as explanatory variables. Results 3.8% of the variance in the risk for disability retirement was attributed to the company level after controlling for individual-level characteristics of the employees. Company-level variance was much larger in partial (11.7%) than in full (4.2%) disability retirement. After controlling for all individual- and company-level characteristics, those working in health and social work activities had increased risk for both full and partial disability retirement. The risk for full disability retirement increased by decreasing educational level of the company. The risk for partial disability retirement increased by increasing company size and was elevated in companies with the highest proportion of women. Conclusions After controlling for the individual-level characteristics, variation in the risk for disability retirement between companies was modest. The more substantial variation in partial disability pension suggests that companies have a marked role in advancing working with partial disabilities.

Differential Effects of Competence and Morality on Self-Esteem at the Individual and the Collective Level

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-198
Author(s):  
Wiktor Soral ◽  
Mirosław Kofta
Keyword(s):  
Self Esteem ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual

Abstract. The importance of various trait dimensions explaining positive global self-esteem has been the subject of numerous studies. While some have provided support for the importance of agency, others have highlighted the importance of communion. This discrepancy can be explained, if one takes into account that people define and value their self both in individual and in collective terms. Two studies ( N = 367 and N = 263) examined the extent to which competence (an aspect of agency), morality, and sociability (the aspects of communion) promote high self-esteem at the individual and the collective level. In both studies, competence was the strongest predictor of self-esteem at the individual level, whereas morality was the strongest predictor of self-esteem at the collective level.

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