Policy Direction and Performance Evaluation: Complementary Explanations of the Reagan Elections

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Merrill Shanks ◽  
Warren E. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Ronald Reagan ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Comprehensive Model ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Us ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Policy Direction ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Presidential Performance

This article reviews the range of explanations which have been proposed for voting behaviour in the US elections won by Ronald Reagan and develops a comprehensive model for the evolution of electoral choices in both of those contests. Estimates are provided for both the direct and indirect effects of several types of variables or ‘explanatory themes’, and those estimates are used to assess the relative importance of each of those themes in explaining individual-level choices and the aggregate outcomes of both Reagan elections. These procedures suggest that preferences concerning both policy direction and evaluations of national and presidential performance played major roles in the two Reagan elections – both in the individual-level decisions and in producing the Republicans' aggregate victories.

Winning hearts & minds (!)

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 819-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Efe Tokdemir
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Aid ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Public Attitudes ◽  
Regime Type ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Policy Tool ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Individual

Foreign aid is a policy tool implemented with the purpose of fostering both hard and soft power abroad. Yet, previous research has not probed the effects of US foreign aid on public attitudes toward the US in the recipient countries. In this article, I argue that US foreign aid may actually feed anti-Americanism: aid indirectly creates winners and losers in the recipient countries, such that politically discontented people may blame the US for the survival of the prevailing regime. Drawing on Pew Research for Global Attitudes and on USAID Greenbook datasets, I focus on determining both the conditions under which foreign aid exacerbates anti-Americanism and the type of aid most likely to do this. The findings reveal that political losers of the recipient countries are more likely to express negative attitudes toward the USA as the amount of US aid increases, whereas political winners enjoy the results of US aid and view the USA positively accordingly. Moreover, the effect of US aid on attitudes toward the USA is also conditional on the regime type. While US aid increases the likelihood of anti-American attitudes among the losers in non-democratic countries, it decreases the likelihood of anti-Americanism among the losers in democratic ones. This article has important implications for policy in terms of determining how and to whom to provide aid in the context of the possible ramifications of providing aid at the individual level.

Applying Social Psychological Perspectives to the Sport Psychology Consulting Process

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Brustad ◽  
Michelle Ritter-Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Sport Psychology ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Social ◽  
Clinical And Counseling Psychology ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Disordered Eating Patterns ◽  
Applied Sport Psychology

Psychological processes in sport are inextricably linked to the social contexts within which they occur. However, research and practice in applied sport psychology have shown only marginal concern for the social dimensions of participation. As a consequence of stronger ties to clinical and counseling psychology than to social psychology, the prevailing model of intervention in applied sport psychology has been individually centered. Focus at the individual level has been further bolstered by cognitive emphases in modem psychology. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the need for a balanced consideration of social and personal influences. Four social psychological dimensions of interest will be explored, including athletic subculture membership; athletic identity concerns; social networks of influence; and leadership processes. The relevance of these forms of influence will be examined in relation to applied concerns in the areas of athlete academic performance, overtraining and burnout, and disordered eating patterns. At minimum, consultants need to address contextual and relational correlates of psychological and performance issues.

scholarly journals A path analysis on the direct and indirect effects of the unit environment on eating dependence among cognitively impaired nursing home residents

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvisa Palese ◽  
Luca Grassetti ◽  
Valentina Bressan ◽  
Alessandro Decaro ◽  
Tea Kasa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Home ◽  
Nursing Homes ◽  
Nursing Care ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Functional Dependence ◽  
Cognitively Impaired ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Care Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Background This study aims to estimate the direct and indirect effects of the unit environment alongside individual and nursing care variables on eating dependence among residents who are cognitively impaired and living in a nursing home. Method A multicentre observational study was carried out in 2017: 13 Italian nursing homes were involved in data collection. Included residents were aged > 65 at baseline, living in the considered facility for the last 6 months and during the entire study period and having received at least one comprehensive assessment. Data were collected (a) at the individual level: eating dependence using the Edinburgh Feeding Evaluation in Dementia Scale and other clinical variables; (b) at the nursing care level with daily interventions to maintain eating independence assessed with a checklist; and (c) at the nursing home level, using the Therapeutic Environment Screening Survey for Nursing Homes. Results One thousand twenty-seven residents were included with an average age of 85.32 years old (95% CI: 84.74–85.89), mainly female (781; 76%). The path analysis explained the 57.7% variance in eating dependence. Factors preventing eating dependence were: (a) at the individual level, increased functional dependence measured with the Barthel Index (β − 2.374); eating in the dining room surrounded by residents (β − 1.802) as compared to eating alone in bed; and having a close relationship with family relatives (β − 0.854), (b) at the nursing care level, the increased number of interventions aimed at promoting independence (β − 0.524); and (c) at the NH level, high scores in ‘Space setting’ (β − 4.446), ‘Safety’ (β − 3.053), ‘Lighting’ (β − 2.848) and ‘Outdoor access’ (β − 1.225). However, environmental factors at the unit level were found to have also indirect effects by influencing the degree of functional dependence, the occurrence of night restlessness and the number of daily interventions performed by the nursing staff. Conclusion Eating dependence is a complex phenomenon requiring interventions targeting individual, nursing care, and environmental levels. The NH environment had the largest direct and indirect effect on residents’ eating dependence, thus suggesting that at this level appropriate interventions should be designed and implemented.

scholarly journals Analysis of co-authorship patterns at the individual level

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Glänzel
Keyword(s):  
Research Collaboration ◽  
Citation Impact ◽  
Career Mobility ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Utmost Care ◽  
Performance Profiles ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Individual ◽  
New Applications

Publication activity, citation impact and communication patterns, in general, change in the course of a scientist's career. Mobility and radical changes in a scientist's research environment or profile are among the most spectacular factors that have effect on individual collaboration patterns. Although bibliometrics at this level should be applied with the utmost care, characteristic patterns of an individual scientist's research collaboration and changes in these in the course of a career can be well depicted using bibliometric methods. A wide variety of indicators and network tools are chosen to follow up the evolution and to visualise and to quantify collaboration and performance profiles of individual researchers. These methods are, however, designed to supplement expert-opinion based assessment and other qualitative assessments, and should not be used as stand-alone evaluation tools. This study presents part of the results published in an earlier study by Zhang and Glänzel (2012)4 as well as new applications of these methods.

Structural Reliability and Stability of Nonmetric Conjoint Analysis

1982 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naresh K. Malhotra
Keyword(s):  
Conjoint Analysis ◽  
Structural Reliability ◽  
Standard Errors ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Substantial Variation ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Structural Perturbation ◽  
Estimated Parameters ◽  
Treatment Conditions ◽  
The Individual

Structural reliability and stability of nonmetric conjoint analysis are examined under conditions of severe structural perturbation and substantial variation in the number of stimulus profiles. The individual-level part worth functions are jackknifed. The jackknifed parameters, derived relative importance weights, and standard errors of estimated parameters are examined across the different treatment conditions. The results indicate that conjoint analysis is a fairly robust procedure for assessing an individual's preferences.

scholarly journals The Evolutionary Model of Corporate Entrepreneurship: A Case Study of Samsung Creative-Lab

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 9042
Author(s):  
Bo Young Shin ◽  
Keun Tae Cho
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Evolutionary Model ◽  
Corporate Entrepreneurship ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities

Despite international interest in corporate entrepreneurship research, relevant knowledge has not been systematically accumulated. Even in practice, the discussions of corporate entrepreneurship revolve around the appropriate level necessary and the preferred method of action. This paper proposes an evolutionary model that outlines corporate entrepreneurship overall in terms of an organization’s entrepreneurial activities. For the research objective, this paper includes in-depth case studies on Samsung’s Creative Lab. The Creative-Lab of Samsung has been actively implementing corporate venture system for eight years. We conducted collective case studies by focusing on a single case (Creative-Lab) and then moving to multiple cases (Creative-Lab spin-off companies). Firstly, the study identifies the development process of entrepreneurship from the individual-level to the firm-level, and from the firm-level to the social-level. Secondly, the study confirms that corporate venturing and the corporate spin-off system have a positive impact on entrepreneurial behavior, which is crucial to seize opportunities. Thirdly, based on the growth factors and performance of corporate entrepreneurship, an evolutionary model of corporate entrepreneurship is proposed in this paper. This study can contribute to the establishment of an integrated and structured mechanism of related research as it comprehensively reviews the antecedents, elements, and outcomes of corporate entrepreneurship.

Developing Individual Level Outcome Measures in the Context of Knowledge Management Success

2010 ◽  
pp. 106-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahnawaz Muhammed ◽  
William J. Doll ◽  
Xiaodong Deng
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Management ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Conceptual Knowledge ◽  
Work Performance ◽  
Organizational Level ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Contextual Knowledge ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Individual

Success of organizational level knowledge management initiatives depends on how effectively individuals implementing these initiatives use their knowledge to bring about outcomes that add value in their work. To facilitate assessment of individual level outcomes in the knowledge management context, this research provides a model of interrelationships among individual level knowledge management success measures which include conceptual knowledge, contextual knowledge, operational knowledge, innovation, and performance. The model was tested using structural equation modeling based on data collected from managerial and professional knowledge workers. The results suggest that conceptual knowledge enhances operational and contextual knowledge. Contextual knowledge improves operational knowledge and is also a key predictor of innovations. The innovativeness of an individual’s work along with operational knowledge enhances work performance. The results support the proposed model. This model can potentially be used for measuring knowledge management success at the individual level.

EXPRESS: Trust Propensity across Cultures: The Role of Collectivism

2021 ◽  
pp. 1069031X2110366
Author(s):  
Stanford A. Westjohn ◽  
Peter Magnusson ◽  
George R. Franke ◽  
Yi Peng
Keyword(s):  
Past Research ◽  
Trust Game ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Trust Propensity ◽  
Explanatory Mechanism ◽  
Level Analysis

Does collectivism influence an individual's willingness to trust others? Conflicting empirical results from past research and the role of trust in international marketing make this question important to resolve. We investigate this question across cultures and at the individual level with four studies using multiple methods. Study 1 establishes correlational evidence between societal-level collectivism and individual-level trust propensity with results from a multi-level analysis of data from over 6,000 respondents in 36 different countries. Study 2 offers an individual-level analysis using the trust game, introducing a more rigorous behavioral outcome variable. Study 3 contributes causal evidence at the individual level based on experiments in both the US and China and offers evidence of social projection as the explanatory mechanism. Finally, Study 4 demonstrates managerial relevance by using advertising to prime collectivism and assessing its effect on trust in the firm.

scholarly journals Investigating Factors that Influence Math Homework Expectancy: A Multilevel Approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (16) ◽  
pp. 6586
Author(s):  
Jianzhong Xu ◽  
Chuang Wang ◽  
Jianxia Du
Keyword(s):  
Parent Education ◽  
Autonomy Support ◽  
Multilevel Approach ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Class Level ◽  
Homework Quality ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Grade 8

The present study investigated several clusters of variables influencing students’ math homework expectancy based on 3018 students in grade 8 in China. Results revealed that math homework expectancy was positively associated with homework quality at both the individual and class level. At the individual level, math homework expectancy was positively associated with prior math knowledge, parent education, homework interest, homework favorability, parent autonomy support, mastery-approach, and homework value. Meanwhile, math homework expectancy was negatively associated with homework time, parent help quantity, and performance-approach. Finally, compared with females, males tended to have higher math homework expectancy.

scholarly journals A clinical trial to evaluate the dayzz smartphone app on employee sleep, health, and productivity at a large US employer

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Robbins ◽  
Matthew D Weaver ◽  
Stuart Quan ◽  
Jason P Sullivan ◽  
Mairav C Zion ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Disorders ◽  
Sleep Disorder ◽  
Treatment Programs ◽  
Smartphone App ◽  
Sleep Health ◽  
Monthly Basis ◽  
The Us ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Viable Approach ◽  
The Individual

Sleep deficiency is a hidden cost of our 24-7 society, with 70% of adults in the US admitting that they routinely obtain insufficient sleep. Further, it is estimated that 50-70 million adults in the US have a sleep disorder. Undiagnosed and untreated sleep disorders are associated with diminished health for the individual and increased costs for the employer. Research has shown that adverse impacts on employees and employers can be mitigated through sleep health education and sleep disorder screening and treatment programs. Smartphone applications (app) are increasingly commonplace and represent promising, scalable modalities for such programs. The dayzz app is a personalized sleep training program that incorporates assessment of sleep disorders and offers a personalized comprehensive sleep improvement solution. Using a sample of day workers affiliated with a large institution of higher education, we will conduct a single-site, parallel-group, randomized, waitlist control trial. Participants will be randomly assigned to either use the dayzz app throughout the study or receive the dayzz app at the end of the study. We will collect data on feasibility and acceptability of the dayzz app; employee sleep, including sleep behavioral changes, sleep duration, regularity, and quality; employee presenteeism, absenteeism, and performance; employee mood; adverse and safety outcomes; and healthcare utilization on a monthly basis throughout the study, as well as collect more granular daily data from the employee during pre-specified intervals. Our results will illuminate whether a personalized smartphone app is a viable approach for improving employee sleep, health, and productivity.

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