The Nature and Role of Morality in Offending: A Moral Foundations Approach

2020 ◽  
pp. 002242782096020
Author(s):  
Jasmine R. Silver ◽  
Eric Silver
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Critical Element ◽  
Moral Foundations ◽  
Moral Intuitions ◽  
Binomial Regression ◽  
Two Factors

Objectives: Criminologists have long viewed morality as a critical element in offending. However, two factors limit the theoretical impact of prior work. First, no overarching framework for describing the nature and role of morality has been developed. Second, morality has been measured in a narrow manner as the extent to which individuals disapprove of particular acts of offending. To address these limitations, we examine the utility of a moral psychological framework—Moral Foundations Theory (MFT)—that fits remarkably well with the conceptions of morality found in criminological theorizing (i.e., that morality inhibits offending, has intuitive and pluralistic dimensions, and under certain circumstances may motivate offending). Methods: We use negative binomial regression to model self-reported counts of violence, group violence, theft, property damage, marijuana use, and illegal phone use while driving, in a large national sample of Icelandic youths (n = 10,710). Results: We find that individualizing moral intuitions centered on rights and autonomy and binding moral intuitions centered on social order and cohesion are uniquely associated with different types of offending and exhibit inhibiting or motivating effects depending on the outcome. Conclusion: MFT holds considerable promise as a framework for conducting criminological research on the relationship between morality and offending.

scholarly journals Is area deprivation associated with greater impacts of COVID-19 in care homes across England? A preliminary analysis of COVID-19 outbreaks and deaths

2021 ◽  
pp. jech-2020-215039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Malthe Bach-Mortensen ◽  
Michelle Degli Esposti
Keyword(s):  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Care Home ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Population Characteristics ◽  
Care Homes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Area Deprivation ◽  
Binomial Regression ◽  
Index Of Multiple Deprivation

IntroductionThe COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately impacted care homes and vulnerable populations, exacerbating existing health inequalities. However, the role of area deprivation in shaping the impacts of COVID-19 in care homes is poorly understood. We examine whether area deprivation is linked to higher rates of COVID-19 outbreaks and deaths among care home residents across upper tier local authorities in England (n=149).MethodsWe constructed a novel dataset from publicly available data. Using negative binomial regression models, we analysed the associations between area deprivation (Income Deprivation Affecting Older People Index (IDAOPI) and Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) extent) as the exposure and COVID-19 outbreaks, COVID-19-related deaths and all-cause deaths among care home residents as three separate outcomes—adjusting for population characteristics (size, age composition, ethnicity).ResultsCOVID-19 outbreaks in care homes did not vary by area deprivation. However, COVID-19-related deaths were more common in the most deprived quartiles of IDAOPI (incidence rate ratio (IRR): 1.23, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.47) and IMD extent (IRR: 1.16, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.34), compared with the least deprived quartiles.DiscussionThese findings suggest that area deprivation is a key risk factor in COVID-19 deaths among care home residents. Future research should look to replicate these results when more complete data become available.

Managing Threats on the High Seas: The Role of Naval Bases on Reducing Maritime Piracy

2021 ◽  
pp. 0095327X2110494
Author(s):  
Orlandrew E. Danzell ◽  
Jacob A. Mauslein ◽  
John D. Avelar
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression Model ◽  
Security Issue ◽  
Maritime Piracy ◽  
Time Series Dataset ◽  
Binomial Regression ◽  
The Impact

Weak coastal states often lack an adequate, sustained naval presence to monitor and police their territorial waters. Unpatrolled waters, both territorial and otherwise, may provide pirates with substantial financial opportunities that go far beyond any single country. Maritime piracy costs the global economy on average USD 24 billion per year. This research explores the impact of naval bases on acts of piracy to determine if naval presence can decrease the likelihood of piracy. To examine this important economic and national security issue, our research employs a zero-inflated negative binomial regression model. We also rely upon a newly constructed time-series dataset for the years 1992–2018. Our study shows that the presence of naval bases is essential in helping maritime forces combat piracy. Policymakers searching for options to combat piracy should find the results of this study especially useful in creating prescriptive approaches that aid in solving offshore problems.

scholarly journals Understanding Socioenvironmental Contributors to Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Disability Among Older Americans

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison B. Brenner ◽  
Philippa J. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Home Environment ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Physical Impairment ◽  
Older Americans ◽  
Binomial Regression ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Our understanding of the mechanisms through which racial/ethnic disparities in disability in older adults develop and are maintained is limited. We examined the role of physical impairment, socioeconomic factors and health for racial/ethnic disparities in activities of daily living (ADL), and the modifying role of the indoor home environment. Data come from the National Health and Aging Trends Study ( N = 5,640), and negative binomial regression models were specified separately for men and women. Blacks and Hispanics reported more ADL difficulty than Whites. Living in homes with clutter was associated with higher rates of ADL difficulty, but it was not related to racial/ethnic disparities. Racial/ethnic differences were explained by physical impairment for men, but not for women. Socioeconomic factors and health accounted for remaining disparities for Black, but not for Hispanic women. Attention to individual and environmental factors is necessary to fully understand and address race/ethnic disparities in disability in older Americans.

scholarly journals International hostility and aggressiveness on the soccer pitch: Evidence from European Championships and World Cups for the period 2000–2012

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 262-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raul Caruso ◽  
Marco Di Domizio
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
World Cup ◽  
Power Asymmetry ◽  
Binomial Regression ◽  
Aggressive Attitude ◽  
Economic Interactions ◽  
Education Gap

Some researchers consider soccer matches as the stylization of a war in other battlefields. Such an approach has largely been used to interpret the violent phenomena related to the soccer environment, while less attention has been paid to the potential role of political and economic interactions between countries in determining the aggressive attitude of players on the pitch. In our paper we empirically investigate whether and how political hostility among countries reverberates on a soccer pitch by influencing players’ aggressiveness. The analysis focuses on official matches played by national teams in the final phases of the European and World Cup tournaments since 2000. We estimate a negative binomial regression including both political and sport variables, and we find that (a) commercial hostility, (b) the level of diplomatic relationships, (c) power asymmetry and (d) education gap between countries are positively and significantly associated with aggressiveness of the players on the pitch, approximated by the number of yellow and red cards. That is, briefly stated, international hostility reverberates onto the pitch. Moreover, sport covariates present the expected signs, namely, results show that the closeness of the teams, their ranking and the stage of the game (knockout stages with respect to the group phases) are also crucial in determining the cautions.

The Role of Personality in the Initiation of Communication Situations

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofie Frederickx ◽  
Joeri Hofmans
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
Binomial Regression ◽  
Communication Situations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Way

Whereas a small number of studies have focused on the impact of extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism on the way people communicate, little is known about how the big five personality traits relate to individual differences in the specific types of communication-related situations selected in daily life. For a period of five days, people were asked to report on the types of conversations they initiated earlier that day (N = 168). Multilevel negative binomial regression analysis showed that the specific types of conversations initiated in daily life can be predicted by individual differences in extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. As such, the results show that individual differences in personality are not only reflected in the way people behave once they communicate, but also in the situations that people report to select in daily life.

Hiding behind the party brand or currying favor with constituents: Why do representatives engage in different types of constituency-oriented behavior?

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabri Ciftci ◽  
Tevfik Murat Yildirim
Keyword(s):  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Party Leader ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Members Of Parliament ◽  
Binomial Regression ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Role Orientations

Why do representatives prioritize certain types of constituency service in parliamentary systems? This study argues that the choice for constituency-oriented activities is conditioned by both partisan factors and legislative role orientations. Two novel data sets combining behavioral and attitudinal measures of constituency-oriented behavior are used for empirical tests: an elite survey including detailed interviews with 204 members of the Turkish parliament and 4000 parliamentary questions tabled by these members. The results from a series of ordered logit, ordinary least squares (OLS), and negative binomial regression estimations confirm that members of parliament choose different types of constituency-oriented activities based on their visibility to the party leadership and their constituency. This choice is primarily driven by partisanship and members of parliament’s perceptions about the influence of party leader in renomination. The analysis provides important insights about the role of partisan factors as drivers of parliamentary behavior.

scholarly journals 1023 The Role of Social Media in Disseminating Plastic Surgery Research: The Relationship Between Citations, Altmetrics and Article Characteristics

2021 ◽  
Vol 108 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Grant ◽  
K Scott-Bridge ◽  
R Wade
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Plastic Surgery ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Aesthetic Surgery ◽  
Binomial Regression ◽  
Surgery Research ◽  
Medical Disciplines ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background Social media (SoMe) enable the dissemination of content immediately and directly to interested end-users. Alternative metrics (altmetrics) are non-traditional bibliometrics which describe the exposure and impact of an article on freely available platforms such as Twitter and Facebook. Altmetrics within days of publication are associated with ultimate citation counts in various medical disciplines, except plastic surgery which represents the rationale for this study. Method Altmetric explorer was used to extract altmetrics and citation rates for articles published during 2018 in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (PRS), the Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, the Annals of Plastics Surgery and Plastic Surgery. Multivariable negative binomial regression was used to estimate the relationship between citations and predictors (presented as the incidence rate ratio, IRR with 95% confidence interval, CI). Results Overall, 1215 articles were captured. On average, articles published in PRS were cited nearly five times as often as articles published elsewhere (adjusted IRR 4.77 [95% CI 2.36, 9.62]). Overall, SoMe mentions were positively associated with citation rates (adjusted IRR 1.01 [95% CI 1.01, 1.1]); marginal analysis showed that 45 mentions translated to one extra citation. Conclusions Dissemination of plastic surgery research through SoMe channels are associated with significant improvements in short term citations rates.

Ascaris and hookworm transmission in preschool children from rural Panama: role of yard environment, soil eggs/larvae and hygiene and play behaviours

Parasitology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 142 (12) ◽  
pp. 1543-1554 ◽  
Author(s):  
RACHEL J. KRAUSE ◽  
KRISTINE G. KOSKI ◽  
EMÉRITA PONS ◽  
NIDIA SANDOVAL ◽  
ODALIS SINISTERRA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Open Defecation ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Visual Survey ◽  
Binomial Regression ◽  
Eggs And Larvae

SUMMARYThis study explored whether the yard environment and child hygiene and play behaviours were associated with presence and intensity of Ascaris and hookworm in preschool children and with eggs and larvae in soil. Data were collected using questionnaires, a visual survey of the yard, soil samples and fecal samples collected at baseline and following re-infection. The presence of eggs/larvae in soil was associated negatively with water storage (eggs) but positively with dogs (eggs) and distance from home to latrine (larvae). Baseline and re-infection prevalences were: hookworm (28·0%, 3·4%); Ascaris (16·9%, 9·5%); Trichuris (0·9%, 0·7%). Zero-inflated negative binomial regression models revealed a higher baseline hookworm infection if yards had eggs or larvae, more vegetation or garbage, and if the child played with soil. Baseline Ascaris was associated with dirt floor, dogs, exposed soil in yard, open defecation and with less time playing outdoors, whereas Ascaris re-infection was associated with water storage, vegetation cover and garbage near the home and not playing with animals. Our results show complex interactions between infection, the yard environment and child behaviours, and indicate that transmission would be reduced if latrines were closer to the home, and if open defecation and water spillage were reduced.

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