Further Information on the Use of p-Nitrophenyl Phosphate to Quantitate Acid Phosphatase on Vaginal Swabs Examined in Cases of Sexual Assault

1979 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 170-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Allard ◽  
Anne Davies
Keyword(s):  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Sexual Intercourse ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Clear Indication ◽  
Simple Test ◽  
Nitrophenyl Phosphate ◽  
Vaginal Swabs

A simple test for screening swabs for the presence of semen has now been used on over 1000 vaginal swabs. The preliminary conclusions reached in a previous paper (Davies, 1978) are discussed and these have subsequently been shown to be correct: however, more information is now available. Despite the limitations of the method, the results can give a clear indication of the presence of semen. The test also continues to be of use on some occasions when the time interval between sexual intercourse and the swab being taken is contentious. Some modifications to the method arc also described.

scholarly journals Socio-Demographic Characterstics Of Alleged Sexual Assault (Rape) Cases In Dhaka City

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
MAS Al-Azad ◽  
Z Raman ◽  
M Ahmad ◽  
MA Wahab ◽  
M Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Sexual Intercourse ◽  
Medical Examination ◽  
Socioeconomic Background ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Dhaka City ◽  
Sexually Assaulted ◽  
Genital Injuries

Introduction: Offence means any act of omission made punishable by law for the time being in force. Sexual assault is defined as sexual intercourse performed in a way which is against the provision of the law of the land. Of all the crimes sex related crimes are the most barbarous and humiliating. Rape is the most serious sexual offence, still carrying the death penalty in some parts of the world. Rape is said when 'unlawful sexual intercourse by a man with a woman, by force, fear or fraud'. Young girls and children remain the most vulnerable group to this crime. The alarming rise in the rate of sexual assault worldwide represents a major public health problem. Objectives: To determine socio-demographic characteristics of alleged sexual assault cases in Dhaka city and to create public awareness of furious crime. Methods: The study was conducted on 230 female sexually assaulted victims who reported Dhaka Medical College (DMC) for medical examination during the period between January 2006 and December 2006. Details pertaining to age, sex, religion, literacy, socioeconomic status, site of incidence, time interval between incidence and medical examination, number of assailants, relationship with assailants, findings of physical or genital examination and results of evidence collected during examination were noted. Results: It was revealed from the findings that among 230 female sexually assaulted victims 69.57% were in 11-20 years age group and 11.30% in 21-30 years of age group. Over three-fourths (76.08%) of the victims were Muslims, 78.69% were unmarried, 32.18% were less educated and 77.89 % were with poor socioeconomic background. The majority of the victims (43.91%) knew the assailants and in 30.43% cases they were close friends. Most of the incidents (36.95%) occurred in victim's house followed by Boys' hostel (31.30%). A total 89 victims (38.69%) were examined on the day of the incident. Ninety one (39.57%) victims were found with genital injuries and 83 victims (36.09%) had extra genital injuries and rupture of hymen was found in 78 (33.91%) victims at 6 o'clock position. Conclusion: The study findings may be helpful for baseline information and would be beneficial to the policymakers and programme planners to make awareness among the people. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jafmc.v7i2.10391 JAFMC 2011; 7(2): 21-24

scholarly journals A Substitute Presumptive Test for Screening of Semen using Sodium –p– Nitrophenyl Phosphate (NaPNPP)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Njau ◽  
Accadius Lunayo ◽  
Johansen Odour
Keyword(s):  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Seminal Fluid ◽  
Preliminary Test ◽  
Crime Scene ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Spectrophotometric Analysis ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Fluid Identification ◽  
Nitrophenyl Phosphate

Abstract BackgroundIn forensic investigation of alleged sexual crimes, presumptive semen detection test methods are commonly used to reach preliminary identification of seminal fluid in questioned samples. These methods are based on the detection of components of semen such as enzyme acid phosphatase (AP). Of these methods, the acid phosphatase identification method still remains the most reliable and widely used presumptive test due to high activity of the AP in seminal fluid. In standard AP test, Bretamine Fast Blue B (FBB) reagent is used. However FBB has been explicitly classified as carcinogenic. Although FBB has been handled safely over time, there is a need at the moment to develop a simple, readily available, reliable and efficient method for screening the presence of semen in any material collected as evidence in a sexual assault crime.Given the improved sensitivity of DNA profiling tests that have been introduced in to routine forensic casework over recent years, the need for improved sensitivity at this first stage of detection has never been higher. FindingsHere we highlight a simple method using readily available reagents in standard biochemical laboratory as a substitute for the standard AP test for seminal fluid identification from a crime scene. This method is based on the hydrolysis of sodium–p-nitrophenyl phosphate at pH 5.5 by the acid phosphatase to produce an intense yellow coloured complex in 15 seconds. ConclusionsThe method presented is sensitive, reliable, efficient and routinely used in standard biochemical and pathology laboratories for spectrophotometric analysis of alkaline phosphatase. It can be easily and readily applied as a preliminary test for identification of semen at a crime scene that involves sexual assault.

A Preliminary Investigation Using p-Nitrophenyl Phosphate to Quantitate Acid Phosphatase on Swabs Examined in Cases of Sexual Assault

1978 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 174-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Davies
Keyword(s):  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Acid Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Seminal Fluid ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Cotton Wool ◽  
Nitrophenyl Phosphate

A method for determining the level of acid phosphatase activity of material on cotton-wool swabs, used by police surgeons in cases of sexual assault, has been described. The results showed that it was particularly useful as an indication of the presence of seminal fluid in the absence of spermatozoa.

Impact of poor evidence management on DNA profiling in sexual assault and homicide: A case report

2021 ◽  
pp. 002581722096648
Author(s):  
Naresh Kumar ◽  
Pooja Puri ◽  
SK Shukla ◽  
Deepa Verma
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Dna Profiling ◽  
Sexual Assaults ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
Her Family ◽  
Female Victims ◽  
Vaginal Swabs ◽  
Biological Evidence

Increasing numbers of female victims of violent sexual assaults are being murdered with the aim of concealing the identity of the perpetrator. Proper handling and analysis of evidence is very important in gaining a conviction in many criminal cases. After evidence is collected, due precautions must be taken to ensure that the integrity of the sample is maintained, and chances of contamination are minimised. This paper presents a case study where improper handling of biological evidence led to loss of evidentiary value, and the semen could not be located on the vaginal swabs and victim’s garments due to improper preservation of samples. However, the DNA from the nail of a decomposed finger helped identify the victim, and the suspect was apprehended based on the clues given by her family.

scholarly journals Phosphatase synthesis in Klebsiella (Aerobacter) aerogenes growing in continuous culture

1972 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. G. Bolton ◽  
A. C. R. Dean
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Continuous Culture ◽  
Activity Profile ◽  
Glucose Effect ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Nitrophenyl Phosphate ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Rate Of Hydrolysis ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

1. Phosphatase synthesis was studied in Klebsiella aerogenes grown in a wide range of continuous-culture systems. 2. Maximum acid phosphatase synthesis was associated with nutrient-limited, particularly carbohydrate-limited, growth at a relatively low rate, glucose-limited cells exhibiting the highest activity. Compared with glucose as the carbon-limiting growth material, other sugars not only altered the activity but also changed the pH–activity profile of the enzyme(s). 3. The affinity of the acid phosphatase in glucose-limited cells towards p-nitrophenyl phosphate (Km 0.25–0.43mm) was similar to that of staphylococcal acid phosphatase but was ten times greater than that of the Escherichia coli enzyme. 4. PO43−-limitation derepressed alkaline phosphatase synthesis but the amounts of activity were largely independent of the carbon source used for growth. 5. The enzymes were further differentiated by the effect of adding inhibitors (F−, PO43−) and sugars to the reaction mixture during the assays. In particular, it was shown that adding glucose, but not other sugars, stimulated the rate of hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl phosphate by the acid phosphatase in carbohydrate-limited cells at low pH values (<4.6) but inhibited it at high pH values (>4.6). Alkaline phosphatase activity was unaffected. 6. The function of phosphatases in general is discussed and possible mechanisms for the glucose effect are outlined.

scholarly journals [Phosphotyrosine]protein phosphatase in rat brain. A major [phosphotyrosine]protein phosphatase is a 23 kDa protein distinct from acid phosphatase

1986 ◽  
Vol 239 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Okada ◽  
K Owada ◽  
H Nakagawa
Keyword(s):  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Molecular Mass ◽  
Rat Brain ◽  
Column Chromatography ◽  
Protein Phosphatase ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Deae Cellulose ◽  
Sodium Vanadate ◽  
Nitrophenyl Phosphate ◽  
Phosphotyrosine Protein Phosphatase

A [phosphotyrosine]protein phosphatase (PTPPase) was purified almost to homogeneity from rat brain, with [32P]p130gag-fps, an oncogene product of Fujinami sarcoma virus, as substrate. The characteristics of the purified preparation of PTPPase were as follows: the enzyme was a monomer with a molecular mass of 23 kDa; its optimum pH was 5.0-5.5; its activity was not dependent on bivalent cations; its activity was strongly inhibited by sodium vanadate, but was not inhibited by ZnCl2, L(+)-tartrate or NaF; it catalysed the dephosphorylation of [32P]p130gag-fps, [[32P]Tyr]casein, p-nitrophenyl phosphate and L-phosphotyrosine, but did not hydrolyse [[32P]Ser]tubulin, L-phosphoserine, DL-phosphothreonine, 5′-AMP, 2′-AMP or beta-glycerophosphate significantly. During the purification, most of the PTPPase activity was recovered in distinct fractions from those of conventional low-molecular-mass acid phosphatase (APase), which was reported to be a major PTPPase [Chernoff & Li (1985) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 240, 135-145], from DE-52 DEAE-cellulose column chromatography, and those two enzymes could be completely separated by Sephadex G-75 column chromatography. APase also showed PTPPase activity with [32P]p130gag-fps, but the specific activity was lower than that of PTPPase with molecular mass of 23 kDa, and it was not sensitive to sodium vanadate. These findings suggested that PTPPase (23 kDa) was the major and specific PTPPase in the cell.

Polyphosphate body and acid phosphatase localization in Nostoc sp.

1984 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. DuBois ◽  
Keith R. Roberts ◽  
Lawrence A. Kapustka
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Acid Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Energy Stress ◽  
Nitrophenyl Phosphate ◽  
Carbon Compounds ◽  
Electron And Light Microscopy ◽  
Polyphosphate Bodies ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Polyphosphate bodies and acid phosphatase activity were characterized in Nostoc sp. to determine if the hydrolysis of polyphosphate bodies occurs during dark (energy stress) periods. Electron and light microscopy were used to locate polyphosphate bodies. Acid phosphatase activity was measured using p-nitrophenyl phosphate as the substrate to determine net changes in the level of the enzyme activity. To induce energy stress, Nostoc sp. cells were kept in the dark for 72 h to deplete stored carbon compounds. Cells incubated in the light for 72 h (controls) showed acid phosphatase activity localized around the perimeter of polyphosphate bodies. When cells were incubated in the dark, acid phosphatase activity occurred throughout the polyphosphate body matrix. However, complete hydrolysis of the polyphosphate body did not occur and the rate of acid phosphatase activity was not affected.

Viol Des Mineurs De 10 A 15 Ans Recus Au Chu-So De Lome

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (23) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Akila Bassowa ◽  
Ayoko A. Ketevi ◽  
Kodjo Fiagnon ◽  
Dédé Ajavon ◽  
Baguilane Douaguibe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Sexual Intercourse ◽  
Sexual Assaults ◽  
Rape Victims ◽  
Psychological Care ◽  
Gynecology And Obstetrics ◽  
Adequate Care ◽  
Β Hcg ◽  
Developing Society

Minors of both sexs ages 10 to 15 are most at risk of sexual assault Objective: To determine the prevalence of sexual assault by rape among children aged 10 to 15 years and describe their management at the gynecology and obstetrics clinic of the CHU SO .Patients and methods: 134 files of rape victims were collected from September 1, 2010 to March 31, 2017 at the gynecology and obstetrics clinic of the CHU SO Results: Rape of minors aged 10 to 15 accounted for 26.6% of sexual assaults. There were 91% of girls. Most of our patients (54.5%) were raped between 7pm and 6am. Sixty eight (68) patients (40.3%) were referred for consultation between the 2nd day and the 8th day after the rape. Fifty-five point two percent of the victims had never had sexual intercourse before the rape. The perpetrator was known to the victim in 92.5% of cases. The tear of the hymen was old in 79.5% of the victims. HIV serology was positive in 1.6%. The rate of β HCG was positive in a 15-year-old patient. All our patients had psychological care. Conclusion: The rape of minors of both sexes is a reality in our developing society. The taboo of the sex must be raised for the fast denunciation of the rape and of an adequate care.

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