Sperm Conservation and HIV Infection

1995 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 197-200
Author(s):  
S Gromb ◽  
J Beylot ◽  
H P Lazarini
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Insemination ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Blood Contamination ◽  
Medically Assisted Procreation ◽  
Assisted Procreation ◽  
Civil Proceedings ◽  
Private Laboratory ◽  
The Face ◽  
And Control

In the course of preparing a medico-legal report in civil proceedings instituted by a couple contaminated by HIV, the case of Mr B. was brought to our attention. At the end of 1984 Mr B. had a serious accident in consequence of which he received a number of blood transfusions. The post-transfusion inquiry established blood contamination. Several years later (in 1990), and for reasons closely related to the above accident, Mr B. and his wife were having difficulty in having a child. They decided to resort to intraconjugal artificial insemination (IAI) first through a private laboratory and then through a CSCOS (Centre for the Study and Conservation of Human Ova and Sperm). In 1992, Mr B. and his wife were both found to be HIV positive; the infection was ascribed to the IAI, as the most plausible cause. In the face of such dramatic events, we wondered why neither the laboratory nor the CSCOS had checked whether the couple were HIV positive. Reflecting on this led us: (a) to make an inventory of the different organizations and facilities empowered to manipulate sperm for medically assisted procreation (MAP); (b) to investigate their obligations in terms of the prevention and control of specific diseases.

An evaluation model of 2019-nCoV prevention effectiveness based on immigration data in China (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiangsheng Huang
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Evaluation Model ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Related Data ◽  
The Face ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control ◽  
Best Fit

BACKGROUND As of the end of February 2020, 2019-nCoV is currently well controlled in China. However, the virus is now spreading globally. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of outbreak prevention and control measures in a region. METHODS A model is built for find the best fit for two sets of data (the number of daily new diagnosed, and the risk value of incoming immigration population). The parameters (offset and time window) in the model can be used as the evaluation of effectiveness of outbreak prevention and control. RESULTS Through study, it is found that the parameter offset and time window in the model can accurately reflect the prevention effectiveness. Some related data and public news confirm this result. And this method has advantages over the method using R0 in two aspects. CONCLUSIONS If the epidemic situation is well controlled, the virus is not terrible. Now the daily new diagnosed patients in most regions of China is quickly reduced to zero or close to zero. Chinese can do a good job in the face of huge epidemic pressure. Therefore, if other countries can do well in prevention and control, the epidemic in those places can also pass quickly.

An evaluation model of 2019-nCoV prevention and control effectiveness based on immigration data in China (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiangsheng Huang
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Evaluation Model ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Related Data ◽  
Control Effectiveness ◽  
The Face ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control ◽  
Best Fit

BACKGROUND As of the end of February 2020, 2019-nCoV is currently well controlled in China. However, the virus is now spreading globally. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of outbreak prevention and control measures in a region. METHODS A model is built for find the best fit for two sets of data (the number of daily new diagnosed, and the risk value of incoming immigration population). The parameters (offset and window) in the model can be used as the evaluation of effectiveness of outbreak prevention and control. RESULTS Through study, it is found that the parameter offset and window in the model can accurately reflect the prevention effectiveness. Some related data and public news confirm this result. And this method has advantages over the method using R0 in two aspects. CONCLUSIONS If the epidemic situation is well controlled, the virus is not terrible. Now the daily new diagnosed patients in most regions of China is quickly reduced to zero or close to zero. Chinese can do a good job in the face of huge epidemic pressure. Therefore, if other countries can do well in prevention and control, the epidemic in those places can also pass quickly.

scholarly journals Strengthening Tuberculosis Prevention and Control in Nigeria: Exploring Integrated Approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ogbonna BO
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
English Language ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Integrated Strategies ◽  
Tuberculosis Prevention ◽  
And Control

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis, and usually affects the lungs and other parts of the body. Patients with HIV infection are particularly more susceptible to wider varieties of mycobacterium strains. This study discussed integrated strategies of tuberculosis prevention and control for improved population health. The study discussed relevant documents and literatures written in English Language from reorganized websites. Key words were used individually and in series with truncations where necessary. Government can aid the control of tuberculosis by providing good shelter, improved mass literacy programmes on the predisposing factors and prevention. The need to improve the standard of living, reduction of hunger and starvation is essential. The incidence worldwide stood at the rate of 10-20/100,000 per year with low mortality; deaths occurring mainly in the elderly and occasionally in undiagnosed cases. About 10% of all HIV-positive individuals harbor TB. That is 400 times the rate associated with the public. Only 3-4% of infected individuals develop the active disease upon initial infection, 5-10% within one year. In cases of HIV infection the percentages are much higher because HIV infection tends to fuel the reactivation of existing TB infection as well as promote new infections. Integrated strategies will reduce the prevalence of TB especially among the HIV positive patients that are more vulnerable. Promotion of rational drug use, scaling up disease surveillance, monitoring and evaluation, and improving access to diagnostic centers are essential for improved prevention and control. Government policies targeted towards overcrowding prevention, and increased funding for TB research and development will boost and sustain already existing efforts. These processes in a continuum will boost sustainability.

scholarly journals Dynamically adjusted strategy in response to developments in the COVID-19 pandemic as a new normal

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Weifeng Shen
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
New Normal ◽  
The Face ◽  
And Control

AbstractPresently, the developments of COVID-19 situation in different countries and regions have clearly differentiated. Due to differences in resources, infrastructure, and awareness of epidemic prevention and control, capabilities for COVID-19 prevention and control in various regions have also shown a significant imbalance as the COVID-19 epidemic is entering a new normal. The objectives of this study are to provide dynamically adjusted strategies in response to developments in the COVID-19 pandemic as a new normal. In the face of the new normal, one key is normalizing epidemic prevention and control. As part of this, we should implement precise policies based on the dynamics of the COVID-19 epidemic and particular response needs. In ongoing COVID-19 prevention and control, we must pay attention to new vulnerabilities and new features in the dynamics of the epidemic. In this study, health and government officials can benefit from insights of preparing ourselves for long-term challenges and both certainties and uncertainties in a future facing COVID-19.

scholarly journals EXPERIENCES AND IMPLICATIONS OF COVID-19 PREVENTION AND CONTROL IN CHINA

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
YU-QING GUI ◽  
YONG-KANG LI ◽  
HONG-LI WANG ◽  
DAN WU
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
The Face ◽  
And Control ◽  
New Situation ◽  
Normal Stage

Chinese government has implemented a series of prevention and control strategies and measures in the face of COVID-19, the spread of the local epidemic has been basically stopped, prevention and control of the epidemic has entered a normal stage. This paper analyzes and summarizes the successful experience of Chinese government in combating the COVID-19 epidemic since January 2020, and puts forward relevant suggestions, adapt to local conditions and apply them to the current fight against the epidemic. It is hoped to provide useful reference for fighting the epidemic under the new situation and contribute wisdom to jointly winning the fight against the virus.

Contribution and Constraints for the Involvement of People Living with HIV in HIV Prevention and Control Activities: A Qualitative Study at Mandalay Region, 2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-36
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Prevention ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Hiv Test ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
And Control ◽  
Hiv Aids

There were nearly 170 positive self-help groups of people living with HIV (PLHIV) in 2013 in Myanmar. This study was conducted at Mandalay City and two townships from Mandalay Region during 2016 to assess the contribution of PLHIV in HIV prevention and control related activities, and identify the challenges for the sustainability of their contribution. Seven focus group discussions with six to seven PLHIV in each group, eight indepth interviews with leaders of HIV positive groups, and two key informant interviews with team leaders of HIV/AIDS were conducted. The average age of respondents was 40 years, male and female ratio was 1:5. The average years of involvement in HIV/AIDS-related activities was 4 years. Generally, PLHIV were very supportive especially to the AIDS/ STD teams which have limited human resources. The achievement of PLHIV involvement could be mainly seen in condom promotion and distribution to vulnerable groups, HIV-test counseling, supporting PLHIV from hard-to-reach areas and with poor socio-economic conditions, assisting in antiretroviral therapy (ART) provision at AIDS/STD teams, home-based care for the HIV positive adult and children, and referring people to get HIV tested and ART treatment. Areas and activities which need to be focused were also reported. The key challenges for the sustainability of their contribution were poor resource of basic equipments and facilities especially the place and funding for office, the lower interest of PLHIV and poor technical knowledge to develop income generation activities, the changing attitudes of PLHIV on their involvement, and uncertain future plans of PLHIV groups. To conclude, the challenges among PLHIV groups should be addressed by National AIDS Programme.

scholarly journals Challenges and opportunities for infection prevention and control in hospitals in conflict-affected settings: a qualitative study

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hattie Lowe ◽  
Susannah Woodd ◽  
Isabelle L. Lange ◽  
Sanja Janjanin ◽  
Julie Barnett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Barriers And Facilitators ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Supply Chain Disruptions ◽  
The Face ◽  
Workforce Shortages ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background Healthcare associated infections (HAIs) are the most frequent adverse outcome in healthcare delivery worldwide. In conflict-affected settings HAIs, in particular surgical site infections, are prevalent. Effective infection prevention and control (IPC) is crucial to ending avoidable HAIs and an integral part of safe, effective, high quality health service delivery. However, armed conflict and widespread violence can negatively affect the quality of health care through workforce shortages, supply chain disruptions and attacks on health facilities and staff. To improve IPC in these settings it is necessary to understand the specific barriers and facilitators experienced locally. Methods In January and February of 2020, we conducted semi-structured interviews with hospital staff working for the International Committee of the Red Cross across eight conflict-affected countries (Central African Republic, South Sudan, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mali, Nigeria, Lebanon, Yemen and Afghanistan). We explored barriers and facilitators to IPC, as well as the direct impact of conflict on the hospital and its’ IPC programme. Data was analysed thematically. Results We found that inadequate hospital infrastructure, resource and workforce shortages, education of staff, inadequate in-service IPC training and supervision and large visitor numbers are barriers to IPC in hospitals in this study, similar to barriers seen in other resource-limited settings. High patient numbers, supply chain disruptions, high infection rates and attacks on healthcare infrastructures, all as a direct result of conflict, exacerbated existing challenges and imposed an additional burden on hospitals and their IPC programmes. We also found examples of local strategies for improving IPC in the face of limited resources, including departmental IPC champions and illustrated guidelines for in-service training. Conclusions Hospitals included in this study demonstrated how they overcame certain challenges in the face of limited resources and funding. These strategies present opportunities for learning and knowledge exchange across contexts, particularly in the face of the current global coronavirus pandemic. The findings are increasingly relevant today as they provide evidence of the fragility of IPC programmes in these settings. More research is required on tailoring IPC programmes so that they can be feasible and sustainable in unstable settings.

scholarly journals The selection of COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control programs based on group decision-making

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunsheng Cui ◽  
Baiqiu Li ◽  
Liu Wang
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Integration Scheme ◽  
Control Effect ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Control Scheme ◽  
The Face ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control

AbstractCOVID-19 has been wreaking havoc on the world for close to two years. As the virus continues to mutate, epidemic prevention and control has become a long and experienced war. In the face of the sudden spread of virus strains, how to quickly and effectively formulate prevention and control plans are essential to ensuring the safety and social stability of cities. This paper is based on the characteristics, namely, its persistence and the high transmissibility of mutated strains, as well as the database of epidemic prevention and control plans formed as part of the existing prevention and control measures. Then, epidemic prevention experts select effective alternatives from the program database and rank their preferences through the preliminary analysis of the local epidemic situation. The process of the integration scheme aims to minimize the differences in an effort to maximize the needs of the local epidemic. Once the consensus ranking of the scheme is obtained, the final prevention and control scheme can be determined. The proposed method of this paper can optimize the opinions of the epidemic prevention expert group and form a consensus decision, whilst also saving time by carrying out the work effectively, which is of certain practical significance to the prevention and control effect of local outbreaks.

scholarly journals Direito à Não Discriminação e à Verdade Biológica dos Nascidos por PMA em Portugal e no Brasil

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 387-405
Author(s):  
Shirlei Castro Menezes Mota ◽  
Stela Marcos de Almeida Neves Barbas
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Artificial Insemination ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Human Person ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Single Woman ◽  
Fourth Degree ◽  
Medically Assisted Procreation ◽  
Assisted Procreation ◽  
The Right

This study discusses issues related to Medically Assisted Procreation, particularly about heterologous artificial insemination – using genetic material from third parties – and “replacement pregnancy” in Portugal and Brazil. Therefore, it addresses the right to “biological truth” for those born by PMA and non-discrimination in the use of genetic material, focusing on respect for the dignity of the human person. It is questioned how advances in science in this area can lead, in the case of PMA, to the choice of “perfect” embryos, and we start from the hypothesis that this leads to “genetic eugenics.” Methodologically, this is an exploratory bibliographical review. According to the Portuguese standard, the PMA has as beneficiaries the hetero couple, the single woman and women who are married or in a de facto union who can even have a “shared pregnancy”, but the “replacement pregnancy” is only done exceptionally and is not donor secrecy allowed. In Brazil, if it is free and with the help of relatives up to the fourth degree, regardless of the peer’s sexual orientation and maintaining the confidentiality of the donor, the “replacement pregnancy” is guaranteed to everyone.

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