Money, Credit and Bank Behaviour: Need for a New Approach

2010 ◽  
Vol 214 ◽  
pp. F73-F82 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.A.E. Goodhart
Keyword(s):  
Bank Lending ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
The United States ◽  
Monetary Base ◽  
Money Multiplier ◽  
Core Content ◽  
History Of ◽  
Image Position

The standard approach, in teaching and textbooks, to explaining the determination of both the supply of money, and the provision of bank credit to the private sector, has been the money multiplier approach, whereby the Central Bank sets the high-powered monetary base, and then the stock of money is a multiple of that. The greatest book on Monetary History ever written, Friedman and Schwartz (1963), Monetary History of the United States, was constructed around this same analytical framework of the money multiplier, whereby M, the money supply, would increase by a large multiple of the change in the high-powered monetary base, H. M=H⋅(1+C/D)(R/D+C/D) Yet when the authorities in the major developed countries attempted to use this relationship to expand the money stock (and bank lending) by force-feeding the banks with base money (H), in the process of Quantitative Easing (QE) in 2009, the prior relationships collapsed.

State-by-State Use of AMA Guides

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 3-7, 16
Keyword(s):  
Expert Testimony ◽  
Narrow Range ◽  
The United States ◽  
Workers Compensation ◽  
Federal Employees ◽  
Permanent Disability ◽  
Sixth Edition ◽  
History Of ◽  
Canadian Provinces

Abstract This article presents a history of the origins and development of the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), from the publication of an article titled “A Guide to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment of the Extremities and Back” (1958) until a compendium of thirteen guides was published in book form in 1971. The most recent, sixth edition, appeared in 2008. Over time, the AMA Guides has been widely used by US states for workers’ compensation and also by the Federal Employees Compensation Act, the Longshore and Harbor Workers’ Compensation Act, as well as by Canadian provinces and other jurisdictions around the world. In the United States, almost twenty states have developed some form of their own impairment rating system, but some have a narrow range and scope and advise evaluators to consult the AMA Guides for a final determination of permanent disability. An evaluator's impairment evaluation report should clearly document the rater's review of prior medical and treatment records, clinical evaluation, analysis of the findings, and a discussion of how the final impairment rating was calculated. The resulting report is the rating physician's expert testimony to help adjudicate the claim. A table shows the edition of the AMA Guides used in each state and the enabling statute/code, with comments.

Trumping Capacity Gap with Negotiation Strategies: the Mexican USMCA Negotiation Experience

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Amrita Bahri ◽  
Monica Lugo
Keyword(s):  
Resource Constraints ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Negotiation Strategies ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
High Level ◽  
United States Mexico ◽  
Capacity Gap

ABSTRACT In the past few months, we have witnessed the ‘worst deal’ in the history of the USA become the ‘best deal’ in the history of the USA. The negotiation leading to the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA) appeared as an ‘asymmetrical exchange’ scenario that could have led to an unbalanced outcome for Mexico. However, Mexico stood firm on its positions and negotiated a modernized version of North American Free Trade Agreement. Mexico faced various challenges during this renegotiation, not only because it was required to negotiate with two developed countries but also due to the high level of ambition and demands raised by the new US administration. This paper provides an account of these impediments. More importantly, it analyzes the strategies that Mexico used to overcome the resource constraints it faced amidst the unpredictable political dilemma in the US and at home. In this manner, this paper seeks to provide a blueprint of strategies that other developing countries could employ to overcome their negotiation capacity constraints, especially when they are dealing with developed countries and in uncertain political environments.

Defining Mass Shootings

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
School Shootings ◽  
Mass Shootings ◽  
Public Places ◽  
Post Offices ◽  
National Characteristics ◽  
Mass Shooting ◽  
History Of

This chapter interrogates public understandings of mass shootings. First of all, gun violence statistics for the United States are compared with those in other developed countries. The varying definitions and trends of mass shooting are shown to be problematic in trying to gain an accurate understanding of the phenomenon. Discussed is the history of mass shootings in the United States from “going postal” attacks occurring in post offices and workplace massacres through to school shootings and mass shootings in public places. Possible reasons why the United States has the highest number of mass shootings are deliberated. Hofstede's often-quoted cultural model is used to discuss two national characteristics: high levels of individualism and low power distance between social groups. Other factors highlighted relate to Harding, Fox, and Mehta's model about influencers of school shootings, as well as notions of extreme masculinity which are often expressed via misogynistic behavior.

scholarly journals Psychoanaliza i patriarchalizm. Uwagi na temat emancypacyjnego przesłania teorii Freuda w kontekście dziejów psychoanalizy w Polsce 1900–1939

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 393-414
Author(s):  
Paweł Dybel
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Case ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Developed Countries

Psychoanalysis and patriarchalism. Comments on the emancipation claim of Freud’s theory within the history of psychoanalysis in Poland 1900–1939: The article is a polemic with how Eli Zaretsky captures the role of Freud’s psychoanalysis in transforming the self-knowledge of modern societies in his Secrets of the soul. According to Zaretsky, in Central European countries, Poland included, psychoanalysis then served in the democratization of social life and led to the destruction of the patriarchal order; while in Western countries it became medicated, becoming a tool of social control. The author considers both of these claims to be problematic. In the first case, this is due to the limited social impact of Freud’s theory until 1939, in the second, basing this theory on patients’ personal unconscious, it supported their release from the influence of tradition and served them in making free life decisions. This was because in the period up to 1939, in the countries of Central Europe, the second industrial revolution was not as advanced as in the developed countries of Western Europe and the United States. So only in these last countries has psychoanalysis become socially popular and one has witnessed the dynamic development of the psychoanalytic movement.

Myanmar

2019 ◽  
pp. 524-548
Author(s):  
Catherine Renshaw
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
The United States ◽  
Peremptory Norm ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of International Law ◽  
Forced Labour ◽  
Extreme Responses ◽  
The Military ◽  
State Resistance

This chapter discusses international law in Myanmar. The efforts of the International Labour Organization (ILO) Commission of Inquiry to eradicate the use of forced labour in Myanmar, and the nature of the military regime’s response to these efforts, represent a remarkable chapter in the history of international law. Of note, first, is the determination of the ILO to test the limits of its power to enforce compliance with the resolutions of its governing body. Second, Myanmar’s engagement with the ILO clarified the vexed issue of what constitutes a peremptory norm of international law. Third, civil litigation in the United States around the issue of forced labour by transnational corporations in Myanmar uncovered the scope and potential for domestic courts to apply international law. Finally, Myanmar’s variable and often extreme responses to the Commission’s findings demonstrate the dynamics of state resistance to and engagement with international law.

The Washington, D.C. Experience with Uncontrolled Donation after Circulatory Determination of Death: Promises and Pitfalls

2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 735-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jimmy A. Light
Keyword(s):  
Organ Procurement ◽  
Organ Donor ◽  
Deceased Donor ◽  
The United States ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Deceased Donor Kidney ◽  
Donor Population ◽  
History Of ◽  
Expanded Criteria

As of January 1, 2008, over 98,000 people are waiting for organ transplants in the United States of America. Of those, nearly 75,000 are waiting for a kidney. In this calendar year, fewer than 15,000 will receive a kidney transplant from a deceased donor. The average waiting time for a deceased donor kidney now exceeds five years in virtually all metropolitan areas. Sadly, nearly as many people die waiting as there are deceased donors each year, despite monumental efforts by the entire transplant community to increase both the number of organ donors and the number of organs recovered from each donor. The imbalance between demand and supply has led to considerable efforts to expand the criteria for what is considered an acceptable organ donor by the Organ Procurement and Transplant Network (OPTN), thereby hoping somewhat to assuage the shortfall of donor organs. So-called Expanded Criteria Donors (ECDs) may be older than 50, have history of hypertension, or have died from intracerebral hemorrhage and/or have impaired renal function. ECDs now make up nearly 40% of the donor population.

Research Bioethics in the Ugandan Context: A Program Summary

1996 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sana Loue ◽  
David Okello ◽  
Medi Kawuma
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Medical Research ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Human Experimentation ◽  
National Council ◽  
Makerere University ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
History Of ◽  
Human Participants

Researchers, scientists, and physicians in Uganda have become increasingly aware of the need to develop a systematic approach to reviewing bio-medical research conducted in their country. Much of this awareness and their concern stems from Uganda's high seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the consequent large influx of research monies and HIV researchers from developed countries, including the United States and Great Britain.We report on the proceedings of a five-day symposium on bioethical principles governing clinical trials, which convened in Jinja, Uganda in September 1994. The thirteen male and female workshop participants included representatives from the Uganda Ministry of Health, Makerere University, the Uganda AIDS Commission, Uganda's National Council of Science and Technology, and the National Chemotherapeutic Laboratory. These representatives included ethicists, physicians, researchers, and pharmacists, all of whom have conducted research themselves. Initial workshop sessions focused on the history of human experimentation and the development of protections for human participants in medical research, both in the United States and internationally.

scholarly journals Molecular epidemiology of Bordetella pertussis and analysis of vaccine antigen genes from clinical isolates from Shenzhen, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuang Wu ◽  
Qinghua Hu ◽  
Chao Yang ◽  
Haijian Zhou ◽  
Hongyu Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pertussis Toxin ◽  
Bordetella Pertussis ◽  
Whooping Cough ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vaccine Antigen ◽  
Phylogenetic Groups ◽  
History Of

Abstract Background Although pertussis cases globally have been controlled through the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI), the incidence of pertussis has increased significantly in recent years, with a “resurgence” of pertussis occurring in developed countries with high immunization coverage. Attracted by its fast-developing economy, the population of Shenzhen has reached 14 million and has become one of the top five largest cities by population size in China. The incidence of pertussis here was about 2.02/100,000, far exceeding that of the whole province and the whole country (both < 1/100,000). There are increasing numbers of reports demonstrating variation in Bordetella pertussis antigens and genes, which may be associated with the increased incidence. Fifty strains of Bordetella pertussis isolated from 387 suspected cases were collected in Shenzhen in 2018 for genotypic and molecular epidemiological analysis. Methods There were 387 suspected cases of pertussis enrolled at surveillance sites in Shenzhen from June to August 2018. Nasopharyngeal swabs from suspected pertussis cases were collected for bacterial culture and the identity of putative Bordetella pertussis isolates was confirmed by real-time PCR. The immunization history of each patient was taken. The acellular pertussis vaccine (APV) antigen genes for pertussis toxin (ptxA, ptxC), pertactin (prn) and fimbriae (fim2 and fim3) together with the pertussis toxin promoter region (ptxP) were analyzed by second-generation sequencing. Genetic and phylogenetic analysis was performed using sequences publicly available from GenBank, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/). The antimicrobial susceptibility was test by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion. Results Fifty strains of Bordetella pertussis were successfully isolated from nasopharyngeal swabs of 387 suspected cases, with a positivity rate of 16.79%, including 28 males and 22 females, accounting for 56.0% and 44.0% respectively. Thirty-eight of the 50 (76%) patients were found to be positive for B. pertussis by culture. Among the positive cases with a history of vaccination, 30 of 42 (71.4%) cases had an incomplete pertussis vaccination history according to the national recommendation. Three phylogenetic groups (PG1-PG3) were identified each containing a predominant genotype. The two vaccines strains, CS and Tohama I, were distantly related to these three groups. Thirty-one out of fifty (62%) isolates belonged to genotype PG1, with the allelic profile prn2/ptxC2/ptxP3/ptxA1/fim3-1/fim2-1. Eighteen out of fifty (36%) isolates contained the A2047G mutation and were highly resistant to erythromycin, and all belonged to genotype PG3 (prn1/ptxA1/ptxP1/ptxC1/fim3-1/fim2-1), which is closely related to the recent epidemic strains found in northern China. Conclusions The positive rate of cases under one-year-old was significantly higher than that of other age groups and should be monitored. The dominant antigen genotypes of 50 Shenzhen isolates are closely related to the epidemic strains in the United States, Australia and many countries in Europe. Despite high rates of immunization with APV, epidemics of pertussis have recently occurred in these countries. Therefore, genomic analysis of circulating isolates of B. pertussis should be continued, for it will benefit the control of whooping cough and development of improved vaccines and therapeutic strategies.

scholarly journals The relationship between mothers’ and their daughters’ family size emerged in the United States during the 19th century

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Pink ◽  
Tobias Ebert ◽  
Jana Berkessel ◽  
Thorsteinn Jónsson
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Social ◽  
Intergenerational Continuity ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Considerable Doubt

For more than a century, a key question of the social sciences has been whether daughters’ family sizes relate to their mothers’ family sizes. Contemporary evidence confirms that, in developed countries, women from larger families indeed tend to have more children themselves. There is considerable doubt, however, whether intergenerational continuity in childbearing constitutes a universal feature of human societies. Based on a large-scale web-harvested collection of online memorials, we show that intergenerational continuity in childbearing in the U.S. emerged only in the first half of the 19th century, paralleling the country’s marked fertility decline. Furthermore, we show that statewide differences in intergenerational continuity in childbearing coincide with statewide differences in abortion laws. This suggests that control over individual fertility was a major driver of the emergence of intergenerational continuity in childbearing. This finding suggests that, although intergenerational continuity in childbearing has appeared only relatively recently in the history of humankind, it will eventually become relevant worldwide.

scholarly journals IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN BERAS MISKIN (RASKIN) DI KECAMANTAN TANJUNGANOM KABUPATEN NGANJUK (Studi Deskriptif Pada Kelurahan Sumberkepuh)

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-136
Author(s):  
Yenik Pujowati
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Public Service ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Community Members ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Service Policy ◽  
The Developed Countries

AbstrakKemiskinan tentunya bukanlah masalah sosial yang hanya dialami oleh negaranegaraberkembang seperti Indonesia, namun dialami juga oleh negara-negara maju sepertiamerika. Di Indonesia kemiskinan terus menjadi masalah sosial yang fenomenal sepanjangsejarah Indonesia. Kemiskinan telah membuat jutaan anak-anak indonesia tidak bisamengenyam pendidikan yang berkualitas, kesulitan membiayai kesehatan, kurangnyatabungan dan tidak adanya investasi untuk masa depan, kurangnya akses ke pelayananpublik, kurangnya lapangan pekerjaan, kurangnya jaminan sosial dan perlindunganterhadap keluarga, menguatnya arus urbanisasi kekota, dan yang lebih parah,kemiskinan menyebabkan jutaan rakyat memenuhi kebutuhan pangan, sandang dan papansecara terbatas. Ada dua kondisi yang menyebabkan kemiskinan bisa terjadi, yaknikemiskinan alamiah dan karena buatan. Kemiskinan alamiah terjadi antara lain akibatsumber daya alam yang terbatas, penggunaan teknologi yang rendah dan bencana alam.Kemiskinan "buatan" terjadi karena lembaga-lembaga yang ada di masyarakat membuatsebagian anggota masyarakat tidak mampu menguasai sarana ekonomi dan berbagaifasilitas lain yang tersedia, hingga mereka tetap miskin. Maka itulah sebabnya para pakarekonomi sering mengkritik kebijakan pembangunan yang sering terfokus pada pertumbuhanketimbang pemerataan.Kata Kunci: Kemiskinan, Pelayanan Publik, Kebijakan PembangunanAbstractPoverty is certainly not the only social problems experienced by developing countries such asIndonesia, but experienced by the developed countries like the United States. In Indonesia,poverty continues to be a social problem that is phenomenal in the history of Indonesia.Poverty has made millions of children Indonesia can not get an education of quality,difficulty to finance health care, lack of savings and investments for the future, lack of accessto public services, lack of jobs, lack of social security and protection of the family, thestrengthening of urbanization kekota, and worse, poverty causes millions of people to meetthe needs of food, clothing and shelter are limited. There are two conditions that causepoverty can happen, namely poverty because of natural and artificial. Poverty naturallyoccur partly as a result of limited natural resources, the use of low technology and naturaldisasters. Poverty "artificial" occurred because the institutions that exist in the community tomake some community members are not able to master the economic means and variousother facilities available, so they remain poor. So that is why economists are often criticizeddevelopment policies are often focused on growth rather than equity.Keywords: Poverty, Public Service, Policy Development

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document