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PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0259731
Author(s):  
Sara Stinca ◽  
Thomas W. Barnes ◽  
Peter Vogel ◽  
Wilfried Meyers ◽  
Johannes Schulte-Pelkum ◽  
...  

Background Plasma-derived intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) products contain a dynamic spectrum of immunoglobulin (Ig) G reactivities reflective of the donor population from which they are derived. We sought to model the concentration of anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) IgG which could be expected in future plasma pool and final-product batches of CSL Behring’s immunoglobulin product Privigen. Study design and methods Data was extracted from accessible databases, including the incidence of coronavirus disease 2019 and SARS-CoV-2 vaccination status, antibody titre in convalescent and vaccinated groups and antibody half-life. Together, these parameters were used to create an integrated mathematical model that could be used to predict anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels in future IVIg preparations. Results We predict that anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG concentration will peak in batches produced in mid-October 2021, containing levels in the vicinity of 190-fold that of the mean convalescent (unvaccinated) plasma concentration. An elevated concentration (approximately 35-fold convalescent plasma) is anticipated to be retained in batches produced well into 2022. Measurement of several Privigen batches using the Phadia™ EliA™ SARS-CoV-2-Sp1 IgG binding assay confirmed the early phase of this model. Conclusion The work presented in this paper may have important implications for physicians and patients who use Privigen for indicated diseases.


2021 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. eUJ3985
Author(s):  
Thays Rosa da Silva ◽  
◽  
Gerson Zanusso Junior ◽  
Marcia Regina Momesso Neri Ferreira ◽  
Hélen Cássia Rosseto ◽  
...  

Blood donation is a subject discussed worldwide, as the transfusion of blood components saves millions of lives. In this sense, the study aimed to analyze the profile of the donor population of a Regional Blood Center and describe the motivational factors for adherence to the blood donation process. To this end, a descriptive observational study was carried out with randomly selected participants. Data were collected from a questionnaire, which included the sociodemographic profile, profession, reason for donation, satisfaction with the service, means of publicizing the donation, among others. In the sample of 201 volunteers, individuals aged under 35 years, remunerated with up to 3 minimum wages, complete high school education level and who performed various activities prevailed. Donors were satisfied with the service, in addition to stating that the lack of encouragement to young people in schools hinders loyalty. In addition, the main motivational factor was the desire to help others, highlighting that 99% of volunteers would donate again. Among the interviewed donors, there was a low adherence to donation by health professionals. Most participants claimed to have knowledge about donation through traditional media. Thus, it can be seen that raising awareness of the process, especially among young people, is necessary to attract volunteers, and that the dissemination of the need for regular donations is important for the loyalty of donors, as well as the provision of good infrastructure and professionals. qualified in donation services.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua W. Purvis ◽  
Babak J. Orandi ◽  
Deepti Dhall ◽  
Chandler McLeod ◽  
Luz Helena Gutierrez Sanchez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Us ◽  

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evangelos Mourkas ◽  
Koji Yahara ◽  
Sion C. Bayliss ◽  
Jessica K. Calland ◽  
Håkan Johansson ◽  
...  

AbstractHorizontal gene transfer (HGT) can allow traits that have evolved in one bacterial species to transfer to another. This has potential to rapidly promote new adaptive trajectories such as zoonotic transfer or antimicrobial resistance. However, for this to occur requires gaps to align in barriers to recombination within a given time frame. Chief among these barriers is the physical separation of species with distinct ecologies in separate niches. Within the genus Campylobacter there are species with divergent ecologies, from rarely isolated single host specialists to multi-host generalist species that are among the most common global causes of human bacterial gastroenteritis. Here, by characterising these contrasting ecologies, we can quantify HGT among sympatric and allopatric species in natural populations. Analysing recipient and donor population ancestry among genomes from 30 Campylobacter species we show that cohabitation in the same host can lead to a 6-fold increase in HGT between species. This accounts for up to 30% of all SNPs within a given species and identifies highly recombinogenic genes with functions including host adaptation and antimicrobial resistance. As described in some animal and plant species, ecological factors are a major evolutionary force for speciation in bacteria and changes to the host landscape can promote partial convergence of distinct species through HGT.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Volk ◽  
Caroline Covini-Souris ◽  
Denis Kuehnel ◽  
Christian de Mey ◽  
Juergen Roemisch ◽  
...  

Introduction: Patients suffering from primary or secondary immunodeficiency face times of increased insecurity and discomfort in the light of the raging Covid-19 pandemic, not knowing if and to what extend their comorbidities impact a potential Covid-19 course of disease. Furthermore, recently available vaccination options might not be amenable or effective for all patients of this heterogeneous population. Therefore, these patients often rely on passive immunization with plasma-derived, intravenous or subcutaneous immunoglobulin (IVIG/SCIG). Whether the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic and/or the progress in vaccination programs lead to increased and potentially protective titers in plasma-derived immunoglobulins (Ig) indicated e.g. for humoral immunodeficiency remains a pressing question for this patient population. Purpose: Here we investigated SARS-CoV-2 reactivity of US plasma-derived IVIG/SCIG products from the end of 2020 until 06/2021 as well as in convalescent plasma (CP) from 05/2020 to 08/2020. Methods: Final containers of IVIG/SCIG and CP donations were analyzed by commercial ELISA for SARS-CoV-2 S1-RBD IgG as well as microneutralization assay using a patient-derived SARS-CoV-2 (D614G) isolate. Neutralization capacities of 313 plasma single donations and 119 plasma-derived IVIG/SCIG lots were determined. Results obtained from both analytical methods were normalized against the international WHO standard. Finally, based on dense pharmacokinetic profiles of an IVIG preparation from previously published investigations, possible steady-state plasma levels of SARS-CoV-2 neutralization capacities were approximated based on currently measured anti-SARS-CoV-2 potencies in IVIG/SCIG preparations. Results: CP donations presented with a high variability with regards to anti-SARS-reactivity in ELISA as well as in neutralization testing. While approximately 50% of convalescent donations were none/low neutralizing, approximately 10% were at or above 1000 IU/ml. IVIG/SCIG lots derived from pre-pandemic plasma donations did not show neutralizing capacities of SARS-CoV-2. Lots produced between 12/2020 and 06/2021, entailing plasma donations after emergence of SARS-CoV-2 showed a rapid and constant increase in anti-SARS-CoV-2 reactivity and neutralization capacity over time. Neutralization capacity increased from a mean of 20 IU/ml in 12/2020 to 505 IU/ml in 06/2021, while lot-to-lot variability was substantial. Pharmacokinetic (PK) extrapolations based on non-compartmental superposition principles using steady-state reference profiles from previously published PK investigations on IVIG in PID, yielded potential steady-state trough plasma levels of 16 IU/ml based on the average final container concentration from 05/2021 with 216 IU/ml. Maximum extrapolated trough levels could reach 64 IU/ml based on the latest maximal final container potency tested in 06/2021. Conclusions: SARS-CoV-2 reactivity and neutralization capacity in IVIG/SCIG produced from US plasma rapidly and in part exponentially increased in the first half of 2021. The observed increase of final container potencies is likely trailing the serological status of the US donor population in terms of Covid-19 convalescence and vaccination by at least 5 months due to production lead times and should in principle continue at least until fall 2021. In summary, the data support rapidly increasing levels of SARS-COV-2 antibodies in IVIG/SCIG products implicating that a certain level of protection could be possible against COVID-19 for regularly substituted PID/SID patients. Nevertheless, more research to confirm, which plasma levels are needed for protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection of immune-compromised patients is still needed.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastiaan Heidt ◽  
Geert W. Haasnoot ◽  
Marissa J. H. van der Linden-van Oevelen ◽  
Frans H. J. Claas

Highly sensitized kidney patients accrue on the transplant waiting list due to their broad immunization against non-self Human Leucocyte Antigens (HLA). Although challenging, the best option for highly sensitized patients is transplantation with a crossmatch negative donor without any additional therapeutic intervention. The Eurotransplant Acceptable Mismatch (AM) program was initiated more than 30 years ago with the intention to increase the chance for highly sensitized patients to be transplanted with such a compatible donor. The AM program allows for enhanced transplantation to this difficult to transplant patient group by allocating deceased donor kidneys on the basis of a match with the recipient’s own HLA antigens in combination with predefined acceptable antigens. Acceptable antigens are those HLA antigens towards which the patients has never formed antibodies, as determined by extensive laboratory testing. By using this extended HLA phenotype for allocation and giving priority whenever a compatible donor organ becomes available, organ offers are made for roughly 80% of patients in this program. Up till now, more than 1700 highly sensitized patients have been transplanted through the AM program. Recent studies have shown that the concept of acceptable mismatches being truly immunologically acceptable holds true for both rejection rates and long-term graft survival. Patients that were transplanted through the AM program had a similar rejection incidence and long-term graft survival rates identical to non-sensitized patients transplanted through regular allocation. However, a subset of patients included in the AM program does not receive an organ offer within a reasonable time frame. As these are often patients with a rare HLA phenotype in comparison to the Eurotransplant donor population, extension of the donor pool for these specific patients through further European collaboration would significantly increase their chances of being transplanted. For those patients that will not benefit from such strategy, desensitization is the ultimate solution.


2021 ◽  
pp. 152692482110246
Author(s):  
Robert S. Ream ◽  
Michelle Piole ◽  
Eric S. Armbrecht ◽  
Gary F. Marklin ◽  
Jeremy S. Garrett

Introduction: Metabolic resuscitation of organ donors and the attenuation of oxidative stress incurred by organs following brain death and transplantation have the potential to improve organ yield and allograft function. Thiamine (vitamin B1) is a vital coenzyme in both energy metabolism and the production of antioxidants that has not been studied in the donor population. Research Aim: To determine the frequency of subclinical thiamine deficiency in brain-dead organ donors and its correlation with demographics, length of hospitalization, donor management, lactic acidosis, and the requirement for vasoactive support. Design: Prospective cohort study of brain-dead donors managed at a single organ procurement organization’s organ recovery facility. Results: A total 64 donors were enrolled; 24 donors had thiamine levels drawn upon arrival and 40 donors had levels drawn at the time of organ procurement. Whole blood thiamine levels were inversely correlated with the time from death (P = .007) and 20% (8/40) of donors had levels below the normal range at the time of organ procurement. Demographic features of the donor were not associated with thiamine levels although longer hospital stays prior to death were associated with lower levels ( P < .05). The presence and resolution of lactic acidosis was not associated with whole blood thiamine level. Higher thiamine levels were associated with earlier discontinuation of vasoactive support ( P = .04). Discussion: Whole blood thiamine deficiency was not uncommon at the time of organ procurement. Thiamine may be associated with the requirement for hemodynamic support.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1098612X2110202
Author(s):  
Tiago AM Abreu ◽  
Andreia ST Oliveira ◽  
Rui RF Ferreira ◽  
Sandrina MV Correia ◽  
Mafalda SSQ Morais ◽  
...  

Objectives This article aims to analyse the safety of feline blood donation by describing the frequency and nature of any adverse reactions and their causes, as well as propose measures to decrease the incidence of adverse reactions. Methods In this prospective study, any blood donor adverse reactions detected by the clinical staff during and immediately after donation were recorded. The owners of the cats were also surveyed by a veterinary practitioner or veterinary nurse 5 days after donation, using a predefined questionnaire to assess for any clinical or behavioural changes. Data were collected between January 2019 and March 2020 from blood donors enrolled in an animal blood bank programme. Results Of 3690 blood donations from 1792 feline donors assessed, post-donation reactions were reported in 1.14% (n = 42): 0.22% (n = 8) were acute reactions, which included weakness, pallor, tachypnoea and open-mouth breathing; and 0.92% (n = 34) were delayed post-donation reactions, with 0.16% involving cutaneous (haematomas and skin rashes, n = 6), 0.68% involving behavioural (n = 25) and 0.08% involving digestive (emesis and inappetence, n = 3) signs. Conclusions and relevance The low incidence of post-donation reactions in this study is encouraging, suggesting that a well-established protocol and competent staff can help to ensure a high level of safety in a feline donor programme and, in turn, increase the confidence of cat owners.


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