Effects of Massed versus Distributed Practice on Gross and Fine Motor Proficiency of Educable Mentally Handicapped Adolescents

Gross and fine motor proficiency were studied in a sample of 52 educable mentally handicapped students ( M = 15.8 yr.), half of whom were assigned to 15 30-sec. trials, a relatively massed practice schedule with 5 sec. between trials, and half to a distributed practice schedule with 30-sec. rests. 5 trials were given 24 hr. later. All subjects performed the stabilometer balance task to measure gross motor proficiency and a 45-rpm pursuit rotor task to measure fine motor proficiency. No significant differences with regard to the practice schedule used early in learning were found, however, boys scored significantly higher on the pursuit rotor than girls.

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Effects of Massed versus Distributed Practice on Gross and Fine Motor Proficiency of Educable Mentally Handicapped Adolescents

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1991.73.1.219 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 73 (1) ◽

pp. 219-222 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Robert A. Rider ◽

Dhari T. Abdulahad

Keyword(s):

Fine Motor ◽

Distributed Practice ◽

Mentally Handicapped ◽

Motor Proficiency ◽

Gross Motor ◽

Massed Practice ◽

Practice Schedule ◽

Balance Task ◽

Pursuit Rotor

Gross and fine motor proficiency were studied in a sample of 52 educable mentally handicapped students ( M = 15.8 yr.), half of whom were assigned to 15 30-sec. trials, a relatively massed practice schedule with 5 sec. between trials, and half to a distributed practice schedule with 30-sec. rests. 5 trials were given 24 hr. later. All subjects performed the stabilometer balance task to measure gross motor proficiency and a 45-rpm pursuit rotor task to measure fine motor proficiency. No significant differences with regard to the practice schedule used early in learning were found, however, boys scored significantly higher on the pursuit rotor than girls.

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Distribution of Practice Combined with Observational Learning Has Time Dependent Effects on Motor Skill Acquisition

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.1177/0031512520981242 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 003151252098124

Author(s):

Olave E. Krigolson ◽

Thomas D. Ferguson ◽

Francisco L. Colino ◽

Gordon Binsted

Keyword(s):

Skill Acquisition ◽

Observational Learning ◽

Motor Skill ◽

Distributed Practice ◽

Massed Practice ◽

Practice Schedule ◽

Motor Skill Acquisition ◽

Distributed Training ◽

Training Schedule ◽

Practice Group

Studies of the benefits of a distributed practice schedule on motor skill acquisition have typically found that distribution of practice results in better learning. However, less research has focused on how the benefits of distributed practice are impacted by timing during acquisition. To examine how timing of skill acquisition interacts with distribution of practice we had two groups of participants complete either an extensive massed or distributed training schedule to learn a speed stacking sequence across ten sessions. For participants in both groups, we provided observational learning to facilitate skill acquisition. Analysis of speed stacking time on a retention test revealed an overall benefit for the distributed relative to the massed practice group. Interestingly, our analysis of the benefits of distributed practice during training only showed performance benefits in the early session (session one) and later sessions (sessions eight, nine, and ten) of skill acquisition but not mid-way through it (sessions two through seven). Our results support previous findings highlighting the learning benefits of a distributed practice schedule but suggest that these benefits occur differentially throughout acquisition. Our work also replicates research demonstrating that observational learning is more beneficial when it is yoked to actual practice.

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Distributed and Massed Practice Effects on Motor Performance and Learning of Autistic Children

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1989.68.1.107 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 68 (1) ◽

pp. 107-113 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Sharon R. Wek ◽

William S. Husak

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Motor Performance ◽

Distributed Practice ◽

Autistic Children ◽

Massed Practice ◽

Practice Group ◽

Pursuit Rotor ◽

Pursuit Tracking ◽

Two Factors ◽

Learning Principles

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of massed and distributed practice upon the learning by 8 autistic children of rotary pursuit tracking at 20 rpm. The massed practice group of four completed 10 30-sec. trials with 5-sec. rests for 10 consecutive days on the Photoelectric Pursuit Rotor. The distributed practice group completed 10 30-sec. trials with 30-sec. rests for 10 consecutive days on the same device. The results of a 2 × 10 × 10 (group × practice days × trials) analysis of variance with repeated measures on the last two factors indicated that learning occurred for both groups but no differences between groups were significant. It is suggested that further investigations into the applicability of motor learning principles to special populations be conducted using larger groups.

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Bang for Your Buck: A Single-Case Experimental Design Study of Practice Amount and Distribution in Treatment for Childhood Apraxia of Speech

Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research ◽

10.1044/2019_jslhr-s-18-0212 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 62 (9) ◽

pp. 3160-3182 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Edwin Maas ◽

Christina Gildersleeve-Neumann ◽

Kathy Jakielski ◽

Nicolette Kovacs ◽

Ruth Stoeckel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Single Case ◽

Evidence Base ◽

Distributed Practice ◽

Single Subject ◽

Single Subject Design ◽

Apraxia Of Speech ◽

Childhood Apraxia Of Speech ◽

Opposite Pattern ◽

Massed Practice ◽

Treatment Conditions

Purpose The aim of this study was to examine 2 aspects of treatment intensity in treatment for childhood apraxia of speech (CAS): practice amount and practice distribution. Method Using an alternating-treatments single-subject design with multiple baselines, we compared high versus low amount of practice, and massed versus distributed practice, in 6 children with CAS. Conditions were manipulated in the context of integral stimulation treatment. Changes in perceptual accuracy, scored by blinded analysts, were quantified with effect sizes. Results Four children showed an advantage for high amount of practice, 1 showed an opposite effect, and 1 showed no condition difference. For distribution, 4 children showed a clear advantage for massed over distributed practice post treatment; 1 showed an opposite pattern, and 1 showed no clear difference. Follow-up revealed a similar pattern. All children demonstrated treatment effects (larger gains for treated than untreated items). Conclusions High practice amount and massed practice were associated with more robust speech motor learning in most children with CAS, compared to low amount and distributed practice, respectively. Variation in effects across children warrants further research to determine factors that predict optimal treatment conditions. Finally, this study adds to the evidence base supporting the efficacy of integral stimulation treatment for CAS. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.9630599

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PENGEMBANGAN FISIK MOTORIK ANAK USIA DINI DENGAN BERMAI

Edupedia ◽

10.35316/edupedia.v3i2.253 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 67-77

Author(s):

Farhatin Masrurah ◽

Khulusinniyah Khulusinniyah

Keyword(s):

Early Childhood ◽

High Activity ◽

Motor Skills ◽

Motor Development ◽

Rapid Growth ◽

Skills Development ◽

Fine Motor ◽

Fine Motor Skills ◽

Gross Motor ◽

Gross Motor Skills

The first five years of a children’s age is the period of rapid growth with physical and motor development. Those process will develop well if stimulated continuously. Early childhood always identic with high activity requires the opportunity to express their abilities. Therefore playing method is very urgent inchildren’s gross motor skills and fine motor skills development through a variety of playing activities both indoors and outdoors. Playing is an activity that cannot be separated from early childhood’s world. All playing activities will be carried out happily. By the same token learning by playing will be done happily without any sense of being forced or oppressed.

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Rotary Pursuit Performance as a Function of Sex, Sex-Role, and Intertrial Interval

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1988.66.2.443 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 66 (2) ◽

pp. 443-452 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Betsy L. Wisner ◽

John P. Lombardo ◽

John F. Catalano

Keyword(s):

Sex Differences ◽

Intertrial Interval ◽

Sex Role ◽

Distributed Practice ◽

Massed Practice ◽

Men And Women ◽

Rotary Pursuit ◽

Practice Condition ◽

Performance Time ◽

Better Than

Rotary pursuit performance (time on target) and reminiscence data were collected for 113 androgynous and feminine men and women under massed or distributed practice conditions. On the final (eighth) block of practice men performed better than women under conditions of massed practice; while no sex differences were found under distributed practice conditions. Under distributed practice conditions androgynous women performed better than feminine women. In addition, men performed better over-all than women, and subjects in the distributed practice condition performed better than subjects in the massed practice condition. Reminiscence data indicated that under massed practice feminine women obtained larger scores than did feminine men and androgynous women. For women sex-role as well as practice condition influenced performance and reminiscence.

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Heritability of Motor Skill

Acta geneticae medicae et gemellologiae twin research ◽

10.1017/s0001566000008606 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

pp. 127-136 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

L. R. T. Williams ◽

J. B. Gross

Keyword(s):

Environmental Effects ◽

Motor Skill ◽

Error Variance ◽

Phenotypic Variance ◽

Environmental Variance ◽

Gross Motor ◽

Gross Motor Skills ◽

Early Stages ◽

Balance Task ◽

And Performance

A total of 22 monozygotic (MZ) and 41 dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs were given 72 trials on a stabilometer balance task over six days to study the extent of the genetic contribution to learning and performance of a gross motor skill. The expectations that interindividual differences would be less for the MZ than for the DZ twins and that intraindividual variability would not be different between the two groups were supported. Intraclass correlations were used to provide estimates for the proportions of total phenotypic variance accounted for by heritability (h2), systematic environmental variance (E2), and nonsystematic environmental effects (e2). Heritability was found to be low during the early stages of learning, before it increased to stabilize at approximately 65% for the remaining practice. E2 was highest during these early stages (24%), then declined quickly to stabilize at half that level. Error variance (e2) constituted the remaining variance. Learning profiles of the twin pairs were also analyzed, with a greater intrapair resemblance being found for the MZ twins. The present findings indicate that, for gross motor skills, there is considerable potential for influencing both the levels of performance (and learning) and the differences between individuals by judicious use of systematic environmental effects.

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Gross and Fine Motor Development in 47,XXY and 47,XYY Males

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.80.2.240 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 80 (2) ◽

pp. 240-244

Author(s):

James A. Salbenblatt ◽

Deborah C. Meyers ◽

Bruce G. Bender ◽

Mary G. Linden ◽

Arthur Robinson

Keyword(s):

Motor Development ◽

Auditory Processing ◽

Proficiency Test ◽

Sex Chromosome ◽

Physical Therapist ◽

Fine Motor ◽

Control Group ◽

Motor Proficiency ◽

Limb Coordination ◽

Sensory Motor

Neuromuscular deficits described in early childhood as motor awkwardness or slow movements are still clinically present in school-aged boys with XXY and XYY sex chromosome aneuploidy. A control group of 14 boys (6 to 19 years of age) and 14 XXY and four XYY boys (6 to 15 years of age), identified by newborn screening, were blindly evaluated by a physical therapist. The Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOTMP) was administered and a clinical rating of neurologic status and sensory-motor integration was assigned. On the motor proficiency test, the XXY boys had significantly lower mean scores for upper limb coordination, speed and dexterity, and on gross motor and battery composites. The neuromuscular status of the aneuploid boys was deficient, with hypotonia, apraxia, primitive reflex retention, and problems with bilateral coordination and visual-perceptual-motor integration. This mild to moderate dysfunctional sensory-motor integration, as well as previously described auditory-processing deficits and dyslexia, contributed to school performance below that expected from their cognitive potential.

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Association between maternal shift work and infant neurodevelopmental outcomes: results from the Taiwan Birth Cohort Study with propensity-score-matching analysis

International Journal of Epidemiology ◽

10.1093/ije/dyz045 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 48 (5) ◽

pp. 1545-1555

Author(s):

Chih-Fu Wei ◽

Mei-Huei Chen ◽

Ching-Chun Lin ◽

Yueliang Leon Guo ◽

Shio-Jean Lin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

Propensity Score ◽

Birth Cohort ◽

Shift Work ◽

Fine Motor ◽

Birth Cohort Study ◽

Work Status ◽

Neurodevelopmental Outcomes ◽

Gross Motor ◽

Taiwan Birth Cohort Study

Abstract Background Maternal shift work is associated with preterm delivery, small-for-gestational-age new-borns, childhood obesity and future behavioural problems. However, the adverse effects on and interactions of maternal shift work with infant neurodevelopment remain uncertain. Therefore, we examined the associations between maternal-shift-work status and infant neurodevelopmental parameters. Methods The Taiwan Birth Cohort Study is a nationwide birth cohort study following representatively sampled mother–infant pairs in 2005. The participants’ development and exposure conditions were assessed by home interviews with structured questionnaires at 6 and 18 months of age. Propensity scores were calculated with predefined covariates for 1:1 matching. Multivariate conditional logistic regression and the Cox proportional-hazards model were used to examine the association between maternal-shift-work status and infant neurodevelopmental-milestone-achievement status. Results In this study, 5637 term singletons were included, with 2098 cases selected in the propensity-score-matched subpopulation. Persistent maternal shift work was associated with increased risks of delays in gross-motor neurodevelopmental milestones [aOR = 1.36, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.06–1.76 for walking steadily], fine-motor neurodevelopmental milestones (aOR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.07–1.80 for scribbling) and social neurodevelopmental milestones (aOR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.03–1.76 for coming when called upon). Moreover, delayed gross-motor and social development were identified in the propensity-score-matched sub-cohort. Conclusions This study shows negative associations between maternal shift work and delayed neurodevelopmental-milestone achievement in the gross-motor, fine-motor and social domains at 18 months. Future research is necessary to elucidate the possible underlying mechanisms and long-term health effects.

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