scholarly journals Chemical modifications of castor oil: A review

2019 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-217
Author(s):  
Ntsako Portia Chauke ◽  
Hembe Elie Mukaya ◽  
Diakanua Bavon Nkazi
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Resources ◽  
Castor Oil ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Chemical Modifications ◽  
Plant Oil ◽  
Natural Oils ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

The necessity of using petrochemicals for the development of polymers has been deteriorating because of the depletion in fossil fuels and environmental concerns such as the effect of greenhouse gases, global warming, and increasing population. Research has shown a shift from petroleum-based fuels to plant oil–based fuels in order to shift to renewable resources. Natural oils such as castor oil have shown competitive physical and chemical properties as compared to fossil fuels. The use of natural oils has gained a lot of research interest due to the fact that they are renewable, affordable, and environmentally friendly. Bio-oils are versatile because they have various derivatives and can be used in different grades based on the application in various industries such as agriculture, food, paper, and electronics. Bio-binders have been considered as the most promising materials for the different applications. In this review, the processes of chemical modifications of castor oil are discussed.

The Effect of Microwave on the Physical and Chemical Properties of Cassava Starch

2011 ◽  
Vol 396-398 ◽  
pp. 2083-2087 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Lan ◽  
Dong Xue Li ◽  
A Ming Chen ◽  
Li Hong Lan ◽  
Tao Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectrum ◽  
Renewable Resources ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
Cassava Starch ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Natural Polymers ◽  
Microwave Action ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Starch is a kind of natural polymers and belongs to the renewable resources. Starch grain in the interior has crystallization area and non-crystalline area where the chemical reactions occur. In this paper, the effect of microwave cassava starch on the physical and chemical properties and characterizated by infrared spectrum and scan electrical microscope (SEM) was investigated. The transparency increase, the viscosity reduce and the anti-sedimentation enhanced after microwave action on tapioca starch. The result of infrared spectrum and scan electrical microscope shows that the original basic structure of cassava starch by microwave has not been damaged but the crystalline structure has been destroyed, which results in the reducing of the crystallinity of starch, the increasing of the contact area of particles and reaction reagents and the improving of the reaction activities .

Application of Castor Oil-Based Cutting Fluids in Precision Turning

2011 ◽  
Vol 130-134 ◽  
pp. 3830-3834
Author(s):  
Hong Jie Pei ◽  
Y.J. Shen ◽  
Chun Gen Shen ◽  
Gui Cheng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Castor Oil ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Cutting Fluid ◽  
Price Ratio ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties ◽  
Lubricating Properties

Green machining is a process that implements sustainable development strategy. In order to reduce cost and decrease environmental pollution in manufacturing process, a sort of biodegradable castor oil-based emulsion is developed, whose physical and chemical properties can correspond with the national standards. The cooling and lubricating properties of the emulsion are better while machining steel materials through comparative experiments with certain imported commodity synthetic cutting fluid. The emulsion can successfully substitute for commodity fluid because of its high performance-price ratio.

scholarly journals Physical, Chemical and Mechanical Properties of Two-Age Bambusa tuldoides Briquettes

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Dunja Zoe Powroschnik ◽  
Emanuel Rangel Spadim ◽  
Humberto Jesus Eufrade-Junior ◽  
Elaine Cristina Leonello ◽  
Saulo Philipe Sebastião Guerra
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Energy Generation ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Bambusa Vulgaris ◽  
Mechanical Durability ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

The use of natural resources as an energy source is a well-studied alternative to fossil fuels. Some studies present bamboo as promising biomass for energy generation, and its transformation into briquettes can be a way to take advantage of its production residues. This study’s objective was to determine the physical and chemical properties of two bamboo ages (two and seven years old) of Bambusa vulgaris species to evaluate biomass quality and its briquettes for energy generation. Regarding the higher heating value, there was no difference between treatments means values, which were 17.8 and 18.2 MJ kg−1 for two and seven years old, respectively, and these values were slightly below those found in the literature for Bambusa spp. The mechanical durability was of low quality for both treatments at the testing conditions, so they are not recommended for briquette production. The proximate analysis results were quite near the literature and reinforce bamboo’s positive qualities for biofuel usage.

scholarly journals Consumers’ delayed consumption of bakery products: Effect on physical and chemical properties

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Resources ◽  
Storage Time ◽  
Profile Analysis ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Bakery Products ◽  
Global Issue ◽  
Sugar Profile ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Storage Times ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Delay in the consumption of bakery products has contributed to the food waste problem, which is a serious global issue. Delayed consumption or can be regarded as the ‘leftovers’ bakery products such as croissants and doughnuts are normally discarded due to the impairment in texture or quality degradation causing them to taste not as good as fresh baked, although the products still edible. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the physical and chemical changes during the delaying of consumption of croissants and doughnuts at three (3) different storage times (day 0, 1 and 2). The hardness of croissants and doughnuts had an increased throughout storage time, with doughnuts have the higher hardness than croissants, with 175.63 % and 92.31 % increased, respectively. Carbohydrate was found as the major component for croissants and doughnuts. Croissants and doughnuts recorded carbohydrate content of (50.32-52.42 %) and (43.22-46.59 %), respectively, from day 0 to day 2. While sugar profile analysis detected three types of monosaccharides sugars, which were fructose, glucose and maltose for croissants and doughnuts. Thus, high content of carbohydrate and monosaccharides that available in the leftovers doughnut and croissants suggest that it could potentially be used as renewable resources for sugar recovery.

scholarly journals Biomass and biofuels

2018 ◽  
Vol 189 ◽  
pp. 00006
Author(s):  
Marco Fiala ◽  
Luca Nonini
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Specific Production ◽  
Structure Of Molecules ◽  
Energy Processes ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Biomass includes all materials that contain organic carbon bound in the chemical structure of molecules, resulting from the chlorophylline photosynthesis, carried out by autotrophies organisms. Lots of biomass from agricultural, agri-food and forestry sectors can be used for energy purposes, representing an essential renewable energy source that, if appropriately managed, can help to reduce the negative environmental impacts arising from the exploitation of fossil fuels. The possibility of using biomass for a specific production process mainly depends on its physical and chemical properties. This paper is organized in two sections: in the first one, the most important biomass used worldwide for energy generation (thermal energy and/or electric energy), as well as its properties, are described. In the second one, the main biomass-to-energy processes (thermochemical and biochemical conversions) are shortly explained. Finally, some emerging techniques (such as bio-methane and bio-hydrogen production) are discussed in more detail.

scholarly journals Methods for the Treatment of Cattle Manure—A Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Font-Palma
Keyword(s):  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Cattle Manure ◽  
Thermochemical Conversion ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Direct Spread ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Environmental concerns, caused by greenhouse gases released to the atmosphere and overrunning of nutrients and pathogens to water bodies, have led to reducing direct spread onto the land of cattle manure. In addition, this practice can be a source of water and air pollution and toxicity to life by the release of undesirable heavy metals. Looking at the current practices, it is evident that most farms separate solids for recycling purposes, store slurries in large lagoons or use anaerobic digestion to produce biogas. The review explores the potential for cattle manure as an energy source due to its relatively large calorific value (HHV of 8.7–18.7 MJ/kg dry basis). This property is beneficial for thermochemical conversion processes, such as gasification and pyrolysis. This study also reviews the potential for upgrading biogas for transportation and heating use. This review discusses current cattle manure management technologies—biological treatment and thermochemical conversion processes—and the diverse physical and chemical properties due to the differences in farm practices.

scholarly journals PREDICTIVE MODEL FOR DETERMINING THE MASS OF BHA AND BHT TO BE ADDED IN COMMERCIAL BIODIESEL

Química Nova ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe Savada ◽  
Hagata Silva ◽  
Ana Mantovani ◽  
Letícia Chendynskic ◽  
Karina Angilelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Oxidative Stability ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Biodiesel is a biofuel produced by the esterification reaction. It is an option to replace fossil fuels, mainly diesel, due to its similar physical and chemical properties. In this research, a mathematical modeling was performed to predict the antioxidant mass to be added in a commercial biodiesel to achieve the minimum oxidative stability provided by the legislation. An equation for each additive was proposed, with the mass of these antioxidants considered as dependent variables and the conformity parameters as independent ones, obtaining multiple regression equations without intercept. The BHA and BHT antioxidants were used. The equations provided were lower at the 5% level and presented determination coefficients (R²) equal to 0.9790 and 0.9770 for the BHA and BHT, respectively, proving their predictability ability and also showing that they can be used to estimate the antioxidant mass to be added in a biodiesel to reach the current regulations.

Statistical criteria of stellar population types

1966 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 101-110
Author(s):  
W. Iwanowska
Keyword(s):  
Stellar Population ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Spectrophotometric Study ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Population Type ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Distribution Parameters ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Statistical Criteria ◽  
And Chemical Properties

In connection with the spectrophotometric study of population-type characteristics of various kinds of stars, a statistical analysis of kinematical and distribution parameters of the same stars is performed at the Toruń Observatory. This has a twofold purpose: first, to provide a practical guide in selecting stars for observing programmes, second, to contribute to the understanding of relations existing between the physical and chemical properties of stars and their kinematics and distribution in the Galaxy.

Tailoring microstructures of materials through biomimetics

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 500-501
Author(s):  
Mehmet Sarikaya ◽  
Ilhan A. Aksay
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Design And Synthesis ◽  
Structure Sensitive ◽  
Macro Scale ◽  
Methods Of Synthesis ◽  
Successive Level ◽  
Engineering Materials ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties ◽  
Synthesis Of Materials

Biomimetics involves investigation of structure, function, and methods of synthesis of biological composite materials. The goal is to apply this information to the design and synthesis of materials for engineering applications.Properties of engineering materials are structure sensitive through the whole spectrum of dimensions from nanometer to macro scale. The goal in designing and processing of technological materials, therefore, is to control microstructural evolution at each of these dimensions so as to achieve predictable physical and chemical properties. Control at each successive level of dimension, however, is a major challenge as is the retention of integrity between successive levels. Engineering materials are rarely fabricated to achieve more than a few of the desired properties and the synthesis techniques usually involve high temperature or low pressure conditions that are energy inefficient and environmentally damaging.In contrast to human-made materials, organisms synthesize composites whose intricate structures are more controlled at each scale and hierarchical order.

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