scholarly journals Gendered mobility and violence in the São Paulo metro, Brazil

Urban Studies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 203-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Carvalho Moreira ◽  
Vania Aparecida Ceccato
Keyword(s):  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Metro Station ◽  
Late Night ◽  
Temporal Features ◽  
Time Patterns ◽  
Violent Victimisation

With about 12 million inhabitants, São Paulo, Brazil, is the largest city in South America. As in many other major southern hemisphere cities, this extreme concentration of people imposes a number of mobility and security challenges. The objective of this article was to investigate the space-time patterns of mobility and violent victimisation in São Paulo’s metro stations from a gender perspective. The methodology combines use of a Geographical Information System (GIS), statistical analysis through negative binomial regression modelling and hypothesis testing. Results indicate that mobility and the level of victimisation are gender dependent. Women are at higher risk of victimisation than men in São Paulo’s central metro station, while men run higher risk of violence at end stations – both notably during late night periods. The presence of employees reduces the risk of violence, except during the mornings. The article suggests that crime prevention initiatives need to be gender informed and sensitive to the particular spatial and temporal features of rapid transit environments.

scholarly journals Spatial distribution of snares in Ruma National Park, Kenya, with implications for management of the roan antelope Hippotragus equinuslangheldi and other wildlife

Oryx ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johnstone K. Kimanzi ◽  
Roy A. Sanderson ◽  
Stephen P. Rushton ◽  
Mware J. Mugo
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
National Park ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Complete Spatial Randomness ◽  
Roan Antelope ◽  
Hippotragus Equinus ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Salt Licks

AbstractPoaching with snares has been identified as the main cause of decline of the endemic roan antelope Hippotragus equinuslangheldi in Ruma National Park, Kenya, from > 200 in 1979 to 37 in 2009. However, the spatial snaring patterns in the Park are not clearly understood. The focus of our study was to map the spatial distribution of snares in the Park and to identify the factors influencing this distribution, to develop effective methods of wildlife protection. Using data collected from 56 sample plots during 2006–2008, coupled with geographical information system techniques, we investigated the association between the occurrence of snares and the distribution of geographical features (slope, elevation), infrastructure (roads, fences), essential resources for wildlife (water, salt licks, forage), roan locations and wildlife density. Ripley's L function for assessing complete spatial randomness indicated that snares occurred in clumps (hotspots) up to 4 km apart. Negative binomial regression indicated that these hotspots occurred (1) near water resources, salt licks and the Park boundary, (2) far from roan locations and Park roads, (3) in areas with low gradients and low wildlife density, and (4) in areas with burned vegetation. We recommend concentrating routine security patrol efforts and resources on snare hotspots to reduce snaring and to protect the roan antelope and other threatened wildlife.

scholarly journals Spatial and temporal variability of leaf wetness duration in the State of São Paulo, Brazil

2008 ◽  
Vol 65 (spe) ◽  
pp. 26-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emília Hamada ◽  
Raquel Ghini ◽  
Jeferson Lobato Fernandes ◽  
Mário José Pedro Júnior ◽  
Paulo Rossi
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
The State ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Leaf Wetness ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variability ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Leaf Wetness Duration ◽  
The Mean

One of the main factors influencing the occurrence of plant diseases is the leaf wetness duration (LWD). However, this climatic parameter is not generally and systematically recorded at meteorological stations, and the alternative to obtain an estimate for LWD is the use of mathematical models. The objective of this study was to estimate LWD for the State of São Paulo, on the basis of the number of hours with relative humidity equal to or higher than 90%, and also plot them on a map with help of the Geographical Information System (GIS) tool. Using daily relative humidity data from ten meteorological stations of the State, for six years, adjustment equations were obtained for different LWD periods (hours day-1) (R² from 0.58 to 0.81) and of number of days (ND) per month with LWD for a period equal to or higher than ten consecutive hours (R² from 0.57 to 0.75), both as functions of the mean relative humidity. The mean LWD and the mean ND varied among the different regions of the State and different periods of the year. The smallest estimated values of mean annual LWD and ND were observed for the west region of the State, and the highest values for the coastal region.

scholarly journals Stridulatory file and calling song of two populations of the tropical bush cricket Eneoptera surinamensis (Orthoptera, Gryllidae, Eneopterinae)

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (4) ◽  
pp. 461-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akio R. Miyoshi ◽  
Edison Zefa ◽  
Luciano de P. Martins ◽  
Pedro G. B. S. Dias ◽  
César J. Drehmer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Calling Song ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
Temporal Features ◽  
Two Populations ◽  
Bush Cricket ◽  
Geographically Isolated

This study characterizes the calling song and ultramorphology of the stridulatory file of two geographically isolated populations of the tropical bush cricket Eneoptera surinamensis (De Geer, 1773) from city of Foz do Iguaçu, state of Paraná, and town of Rio Claro, state of São Paulo, Brazil, distant 1,000 Km from each other. The teeth are shell-shaped, the larger ones are distributed in the medium region of the file, decreasing gradually in size towards the edges. Specimens from Foz do Iguaçu have a file with 82 ± 9.8 teeth, length=1.89 mm ± 0.15 with 43.76 ± 5.94 teeth per mm (n=15). Specimens from Rio Claro present a file with 87 ± 9.81, length=1.96 ± 0.19 mm with 44.52 ± 4.61 teeth per mm (n=15). Statistical differences found between the two populations are not significant. The calling song is an uninterrupted trill that alternates two sets of notes distinct for its temporal features.

scholarly journals Climatic risk of grape downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) for the State of São Paulo, Brazil

2008 ◽  
Vol 65 (spe) ◽  
pp. 60-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emília Hamada ◽  
Raquel Ghini ◽  
Paulo Rossi ◽  
Mário José Pedro Júnior ◽  
Jeferson Lobato Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Plasmopara Viticola ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
The State ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Grape Downy Mildew

Viticulture in Brazil has been growing in importance in recent years. In the State of São Paulo, a significant percentage of the production is basically destined to in natura consumption and, more recently, much effort has been made by institutions to revitalize the viticulture in the State. Among fungal diseases, the downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) is one of the main diseases affecting this crop in Brazil, with extreme damage effects on its production. The objective of this study was to estimate the incidence of the downy mildew on grape under the climatic conditions of the State of São Paulo, based on a mathematical model and using Geographical Information System - GIS tools. The study considered the months from September to April, a period in which the downy mildew can affect grapevines under development. Mean temperature and relative humidity were the basic weather data entered in the GIS database. Leaf wetness duration was estimated from relative humidity measurements. Climatic data entered in the GIS were used to calculate and produce maps depicting the severity of the grape downy mildew, through the application of a disease model. Three cities were evaluated (Jales, Jundiaí, and São Miguel Arcanjo), since they represent the main vineyard centers in the State. The adopted methodology permitted quantifying the severity of the grape downy mildew not only in spatial terms, identifying the variability among the different regions of the State, but also in temporal terms, along the months, making an adequate distinction of the studied cities.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Family Health Strategy on child's health indicators in São Paulo State

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Isoyama Venancio ◽  
Tereza Etsuko da Costa Rosa ◽  
Maria Teresa Cera Sanches ◽  
Elza Yoshie Shigeno ◽  
José Maria Pacheco Souza
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
Health Strategy ◽  
Family Health Strategy ◽  
São Paulo State

Abstract Objectives: to evaluate the effectiveness of Family Health Strategy (FHS) on child's health indicators in São Paulo State. Methods: longitudinal ecological study involving all the towns in São Paulo State from 1998 to 2009. The outcomes were the coefficients of infant mortality and its components and the rate for pneumonia and diarrhea hospitalizations. The main independent variable was "FHS coverage"; the covariates considered the context of sociodemographic and the health system. Negative binomial regression models of fixed effects and STRATA 11.1 statistical program were used. Results: FHS coverage above 50% showed a protective effect in relation to the postneonatal mortality (RR: 0.93; CI 95%: 0.87-1.00) and coverage up to 50% (RR 0.88 CI95% 0.82-0.99) or above 50% (RR: 0.87; CI95%: 0.82-0.92) were protective factors for pneumonia hospitalizations. Conclusions: the effectiveness of FHS on the outcomes related to child's health may vary according to local and regional contexts.

scholarly journals FAVORABILIDADE À MECANIZAÇÃO AGRÍCOLA DE BACIAS HIDROGRÁFICAS POR MEIO DE SISTEMA DE INFORMAÇÕES GEOGRÁFICAS

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-425
Author(s):  
Fábio Rodrigo de Oliveira ◽  
Roberto Wagner Lourenço ◽  
Luis Gustavo Frediani Lessa ◽  
Célia Regina Lopes Zimback
Keyword(s):  
Soil Depth ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Combination Method ◽  
Rural Environment ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Agricultural Mechanization ◽  
Forest Code ◽  
E Mail ◽  
Agricultural Machines

FAVORABILIDADE À MECANIZAÇÃO AGRÍCOLA DE BACIAS HIDROGRÁFICAS POR MEIO DE SISTEMA DE INFORMAÇÕES GEOGRÁFICAS   FÁBIO RODRIGO DE OLIVEIRA1, ROBERTO WAGNER LOURENÇO2, LUIS GUSTAVO FREDIANI LESSA³, CÉLIA REGINA LOPES ZIMBACK3   1 Doutorando em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio Mesquita Filho”, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Sorocaba. Avenida Três de Março, 511, Alto da Boa Vista, CEP: 18087180, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Livre-Docente Doutor em Geociências e Meio Ambiente e Professor Associado - Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio Mesquita Filho”, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Sorocaba. Avenida Três de Março, 511, Alto da Boa Vista, CEP: 18087180, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected] 3 Professor Assistente Doutor da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas - FCA, da UNESP, Campus de Botucatu, lotado no Departamento de Ciência Florestal, Solos e Ambiente. Endereço: Av. Universitária, 3780, Altos do Paraíso, CEP: 18610-034, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected] 4 Livre-Docente e Professora Aposentada Associada da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas - FCA, da UNESP, Campus de Botucatu, lotada no Departamento de Ciência Florestal, Solos e Ambiente. Endereço: Av. Universitária, 3780, Altos do Paraíso, CEP: 18610-034, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil.  E-mail: [email protected]   RESUMO: O desenvolvimento no meio rural demanda a adoção de técnicas de manejo e uso do solo que visam o desenvolvimento sustentável de práticas agrícolas para atender à crescente demanda por alimentos. Com isso, o objetivo do estudo foi classificar e mapear as terras favoráveis à utilização de máquinas e implementos agrícolas da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Pariquera-Açu, por meio de SIG. Foram utilizadas informações de textura, profundidade dos solos, uso da terra e declividade, classificados em graus de impedimento à mecanização agrícola (nulo, ligeiro, moderado e restrito). As Áreas de Preservação Permanente foram geradas, de acordo com o Código Florestal Brasileiro, e O definidas como áreas de restrição à mecanização agrícola, bem como uma unidade de conservação inserida na área de estudo (Parque Estadual de Proteção Integral da Campina do Encantado). A favorabilidade à mecanização foi avaliada com multicritério pelo método da combinação linear ponderada, sendo que 24,11% da área do estudo não possui impedimentos à mecanização e 17,5% possui impedimentos restrito ao manejo mecanizado. As técnicas de geoprocessamento foram eficientes na elaboração do mapa de favorabilidade à mecanização, sendo que a classe ligeira foi predominante quanto ao impedimento à mecanização em relação às demais classes: nula, moderada e restrita.   Palavras-chaves: agricultura sustentável, geoprocessamento, mecanização agrícola.   EVALUATION OF FAVORABILITY TO THE AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION OF WATERSHEDS BY GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM   ABSTRACT: Development in the rural environment requires the adoption of techniques to achieve sustainable development. Therefore, the aim of the study was to classify and map the lands, favorable to the use of agricultural machines and implements of the Pariquera-Açu River Basin, through GIS. Information of soil texture, soil depth, land use and slope were used, classified in degrees of impediment to agricultural mechanization (null, mild, moderate and restricted). The Permanent Preservation Areas were generated, according to the Brazilian Forest Code, and defined as areas of restriction to agricultural mechanization, as well as a conservation unit inserted in the study area (State Park of Integral Protection of Campina do Encantado). Favorability to mechanization was assessed with multicriteria using the weighted linear combination method, with 24.11% of the study area having no mechanization impediments and 17.5% having impediments restricted to mechanized management. The geoprocessing techniques were efficient to elaborate the map of favorability to mechanization.   Keywords: sustainable agriculture, geoprocessing, agricultural mechanization.

scholarly journals Meteorological variables associations and the occurrence of covid-19 in the city of São Paulo, Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 249-260
Author(s):  
Sergio Augusto Rodrigues ◽  
Alexandre Dal Pai ◽  
Rejane Maria Tommasini Grotto ◽  
Valéria Cristina Rodrigues Sarnighausen
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Meteorological Factor ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Meteorological Variables ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Preliminary Assessment ◽  
The City ◽  
Spearman’S Correlation

Several studies evaluate the association between meteorological variables and cases of respiratory diseases, such as acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and influenza. Since the emergence of the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), researchers from all over the world have joined forces to study the influence of demographic, anthropogenic and climatic aspects on the incidence of new cases of the disease. According to this, the objective of this study is to present a preliminary assessment of the associations between confirmed cases and deaths caused by the disease COVID-19, in the first days of the contamination in the city of São Paulo-Brazil, with the meteorological variables temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, and wind speed. Data on the daily numbers of contamination cases and deaths from COVID-19 in addition to meteorological variables were collected from February 26, 2020, to April 6, 2020. Associations were measured using Spearman's correlation coefficient and daily incidence rates (IRR), with their 95% confidence intervals (CI), for each meteorological factor was estimated using the generalized linear regression model with a negative binomial distribution. It was observed temperature and relative humidity are important variables to identify meteorological conditions associated with the number of deaths and contamination by the COVID-19. Extreme events may be related to an increase in the daily numbers of new cases and deaths at the beginning of contamination in the city of São Paulo.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF TOPOGRAPHIC AND HYDROGRAPHIC FACTORS ON THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF LEPTOSPIROSIS DISEASE IN SÃO PAULO COUNTY, BRAZIL: AN APPROACH USING GEOSPATIAL TECHNIQUES AND GIS ANALYSIS

2016 ◽  
Vol XLI-B8 ◽  
pp. 197-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Ferreira ◽  
M. F. M. Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Rattus Norvegicus ◽  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Gis Analysis ◽  
River Channels ◽  
Geospatial Techniques ◽  
Analysis Techniques

Leptospirosis is a zoonosis caused by <i>Leptospira</i> genus bacteria. Rodents, especially <i>Rattus norvegicus</i>, are the most frequent hosts of this microorganism in the cities. The human transmission occurs by contact with urine, blood or tissues of the rodent and contacting water or mud contaminated by rodent urine. Spatial patterns of concentration of leptospirosis are related to the multiple environmental and socioeconomic factors, like housing near flooding areas, domestic garbage disposal sites and high-density of peoples living in slums located near river channels. We used geospatial techniques and geographical information system (GIS) to analysing spatial relationship between the distribution of leptospirosis cases and distance from rivers, river density in the census sector and terrain slope factors, in Sao Paulo County, Brazil. To test this methodology we used a sample of 183 geocoded leptospirosis cases confirmed in 2007, ASTER GDEM2 data, hydrography and census sectors shapefiles. Our results showed that GIS and geospatial analysis techniques improved the mapping of the disease and permitted identify the spatial pattern of association between location of cases and spatial distribution of the environmental variables analyzed. This study showed also that leptospirosis cases might be more related to the census sectors located on higher river density areas and households situated at shorter distances from rivers. In the other hand, it was not possible to assert that slope terrain contributes significantly to the location of leptospirosis cases.

scholarly journals Negative-Binomial and quasi-poisson regressions between COVID-19, mobility and environment in São Paulo, Brazil

2021 ◽  
pp. 112369
Author(s):  
Sergio Ibarra-Espinosa ◽  
Edmilson Dias de Freitas ◽  
Karl Ropkins ◽  
Francesca Dominici ◽  
Amanda Rehbein
Keyword(s):  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo

scholarly journals Pandemic Restrictions and Spatiotemporal Crime Patterns in New York, São Paulo, and Stockholm

2021 ◽  
pp. 104398622110384
Author(s):  
Vania Ceccato ◽  
Tulio Kahn ◽  
Christopher Herrmann ◽  
Anders Östlund
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Residential Burglary ◽  
Cold Spots ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Different Levels

Studies are showing evidence of the effect of changes in routine activities due to the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic on crime levels in many cities worldwide. This study evaluates the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on temporal and spatial patterns of crime in three major cities under very different national contexts. Each of the three countries and cities experienced different levels of pandemic restrictions and societal closure. The cities of New York (the United States), São Paulo (Brazil), and Stockholm (Sweden) were selected as cases. Temporal quantitative methods, spatial statistics techniques, and Geographical Information System (GIS) underlie the methodology used in this study. Findings show that there is a statistically significant break in the trend in crime levels after the stay-at-home orders were implemented in New York City, São Paulo, and Stockholm in the first months of 2020; the only exception was for murder. Such an impact varies by crime type and city context, but increases again after a few months, indicating how fast crime and criminals adapt. Residential burglary decreased, whereas nonresidential burglary increased overall. Changes in the levels and geography of vehicle thefts were observed, with an overall increase of significant cold spots but, in several cases, also solidification of existing crime concentrations in known crime attractors and in some deprived areas.

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