Factors Influencing the Total Inpatient Pharmacy Cost at a Tertiary Hospital in Malaysia: A Retrospective Study

The steady growth of pharmaceutical expenditures is a major concern for health policy makers and health care managers in Malaysia. Our study examined the factors affecting the total inpatient pharmacy cost (TINPC) at the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC). In this retrospective study, we used 2011 administration electronic prescriptions records and casemix databases at UKMMC to examine the impact of sociodemographic, diagnostic, and drug variables on the TINPC. Bivariate and multivariate analyses of the factors associated with TINPC were conducted. The mean inpatient pharmacy cost per patient was USD 102.07 (SD = 24.76). In the multivariate analysis, length of stay (LOS; B = 0.349, P < .0005) and severity level III ( B = 0.253, P < .0005) were the primary factors affecting the TINPC. For each day increase in the LOS and each increase of a case of severity level III, there was an increase of approximately USD 11.97 and USD 171.53 in the TINPC per year, respectively. Moreover, the number of prescribed items of drugs and supplies was positively associated with the TINPC ( B = 0.081, P < .0005). Gender appears to have affected the TINPC; male patients seem to be associated with a higher TINPC than females (mean = 139.55, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 112.97-166.13, P < .001). Surgical procedures were associated with higher cost than medical cases (mean = 87.93, 95% CI: 61.00-114.85, P < .001). Malay (MYR 242.02, SD = 65.37) and Chinese (MYR 214.66, SD = 27.99) ethnicities contributed to a lower TINPC compared with Indian (MYR 613.93, SD = 98.41) and other ethnicities (MYR 578.47, SD = 144.51). A longer hospitalization period accompanied by major complications and comorbidities had the greatest influence on the TINPC.

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Examining partial proportional odds model in analyzing severity of high-speed railway accident

Smart and Resilient Transport ◽

10.1108/srt-10-2020-0022 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Jing Wang ◽

Yinghan Wang ◽

Yichuan Peng ◽

Jian John Lu

Keyword(s):

High Speed ◽

Proportional Odds Model ◽

Impact Factors ◽

Proportional Odds ◽

High Speed Railway ◽

Severity Level ◽

Content Type ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Partial Proportional Odds Model ◽

The Impact

Purpose The operation safety of the high-speed railway has been widely concerned. Due to the joint influence of the environment, equipment, personnel and other factors, accidents are inevitable in the operation process. However, few studies focused on identifying contributing factors affecting the severity of high-speed railway accidents because of the difficulty in obtaining field data. This study aims to investigate the impact factors affecting the severity of the general high-speed railway. Design/methodology/approach A total of 14 potential factors were examined from 475 data. The severity level is categorized into four levels by delay time and the number of subsequent trains that are affected by the accident. The partial proportional odds model was constructed to relax the constraint of the parallel line assumption. Findings The results show that 10 factors are found to significantly affect accident severity. Moreover, the factors including automation train protection (ATP) system fault, platform screen door and train door fault, traction converter fault and railway clearance intrusion by objects have an effect on reducing the severity level. On the contrary, the accidents caused by objects hanging on the catenary, pantograph fault, passenger misconducting or sudden illness, personnel intrusion of railway clearance, driving on heavy rain or snow and train collision against objects tend to be more severe. Originality/value The research results are very useful for mitigating the consequences of high-speed rail accidents.

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Key factors affecting people’s unwillingness to be confined during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain: a large-scale population study

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-97645-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Marina Martinez-Garcia ◽

Alejandro Rabasa ◽

Xavier Barber ◽

Kristina Polotskaya ◽

Kristof Roomp ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Psychological Impact ◽

Important Variable ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Time Period ◽

Economic Support ◽

Gender And Age ◽

Scale Population ◽

The Impact

AbstractPopulation confinements have been one of the most widely adopted non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) implemented by governments across the globe to help contain the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. While confinement measures have been proven to be effective to reduce the number of infections, they entail significant economic and social costs. Thus, different policy makers and social groups have exhibited varying levels of acceptance of this type of measures. In this context, understanding the factors that determine the willingness of individuals to be confined during a pandemic is of paramount importance, particularly, to policy and decision-makers. In this paper, we study the factors that influence the unwillingness to be confined during the COVID-19 pandemic by the means of a large-scale, online population survey deployed in Spain. We perform two types of analyses (logistic regression and automatic pattern discovery) and consider socio-demographic, economic and psychological factors, together with the 14-day cumulative incidence per 100,000 inhabitants. Our analysis of 109,515 answers to the survey covers data spanning over a 5-month time period to shed light on the impact of the passage of time. We find evidence of pandemic fatigue as the percentage of those who report an unwillingness to be in confinement increases over time; we identify significant gender differences, with women being generally less likely than men to be able to sustain long-term confinement of at least 6 months; we uncover that the psychological impact was the most important factor to determine the willingness to be in confinement at the beginning of the pandemic, to be replaced by the economic impact as the most important variable towards the end of our period of study. Our results highlight the need to design gender and age specific public policies, to implement psychological and economic support programs and to address the evident pandemic fatigue as the success of potential future confinements will depend on the population’s willingness to comply with them.

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THE IMPACT OF ANTITUBERCULOSIS DRUG-INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY TO SUCCESFUL TUBERCULOSIS TREATMENT IN INDONESIA

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i11.20386 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 194 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nisa Maria ◽

Maksum Radji ◽

Erlina Burhan

Keyword(s):

Retrospective Study ◽

Tertiary Hospital ◽

Successful Outcome ◽

Antituberculosis Drug ◽

Duration Of Treatment ◽

Drug Induced ◽

Tb Treatment ◽

Prolonged Duration ◽

The Mean ◽

The Impact

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of antituberculosis (anti-TB) drug-induced hepatotoxicity (DIH) to outcome TB treatment.Methods: A cohort retrospective study conducted at a tertiary hospital in Jakarta - Indonesia, from the period of 2013-2016. A total of 76 samples of TB patient with and without anti-TB DIH were analyzed.Results: Successful outcome TB treatment for TB patient with anti-TB DIH is 47.4% compared to TB patient without anti-TB DIH is 78.9%. Relative risk (RR) analysis showed that risk of unsuccessful TB treatment for TB patient with anti-TB DIH is 2.50 fold higher (95% confidence interval: 1.259- 4.960) than TB patient without anti-TB DIH. Age, sex, and comorbidities are not statistically significant to outcome TB treatment. For TB patient with anti-TB DIH, onset anti-TB DIH and recurrence anti-TB DIH also not statistically significantly influence outcome TB. The mean duration of treatment for a successful outcome for TB patient with and without anti-TB DIH was statistically significant (p<0.05), respectively, 8.44±1.85 and 6.52±0.93 months.Conclusion: Anti-TB DIH increases the risk of unsuccessful and prolonged duration TB treatment.

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E-Readiness and Successful E-Commerce Diffusion in Developing Countries

Electronic Business in Developing Countries ◽

10.4018/978-1-59140-354-8.ch010 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 214-233 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Alemayehu Molla

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Developing Countries ◽

Conceptual Framework ◽

Business Organizations ◽

Business Managers ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

The Impact

This chapter explores the impact of organizational and environmental e-readiness factors on the successful diffusion of e-commerce. It presents a conceptual framework of e-readiness and e-commerce success, identifies the constructs and variables to operationalize the framework and reports the e-readiness and e-commerce success assessments of a sample of business organizations from South Africa. Business managers and policy makers, by understanding the e-readiness factors affecting e-commerce diffusion can make effective decisions to exploit specific e-commerce opportunities. Furthermore, researchers can use the developed framework to study the level of e-commerce adoption, the success of the process that led to it and the benefits to users, organizations and the economy.

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Socioeconomic Differences and the Potential Role of Tribes in Young People’s Food and Drink Purchasing Outside School at Lunchtime

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16142447 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (14) ◽

pp. 2447

Author(s):

Ariadne Beatrice Kapetanaki ◽

Wendy J. Wills ◽

Giada Danesi ◽

Neil H. Spencer

Keyword(s):

Peer Influence ◽

Eating Behaviors ◽

Food Choices ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Food Shopping ◽

Consumption Practices ◽

Food And Drink ◽

The Impact

Socioeconomic deprivation has been linked to food consumption practices, but studies investigating the food environment around schools provide mixed findings. Peer influence and marketing cues are considered important influencers of young people’s behaviors. This study used a tribal theory lens to investigate the factors affecting pupils’ purchasing and consumption of food/drinks outside schools at lunchtime. A survey was conducted with 243 pupils from seven UK secondary schools of differing socioeconomic status (SES). A purchasing recall questionnaire (PRQ) was developed and administered online at the participating schools to capture food and drink purchasing, intake, and expenditure. No significant differences were found in terms of energy and nutrients consumed or food/drink expenditure between pupils from schools of lower and higher SES. Enjoyment of food shopping with friends was linked with higher food energy intake and spend. Higher susceptibility to peer influence was associated with greater influence from food advertising and endorsements. Without ignoring the impact that SES can have on young people’s food choices, we suggest that tribal theory can be additionally used to understand pupils’ eating behaviors and we present implications for social marketers and policy makers.

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QUALITY OF LIFE IN THE PRE- AND POSTOPERATIVE PERIODS IN SPINAL FUSION AND DISCECTOMY

Coluna/Columna ◽

10.1590/s1808-185120191801192302 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 55-59

Author(s):

Gibran Franzoni Rufca ◽

Flavio Ramalho Romero ◽

Drielly Lívia Cristino Braga Rufca ◽

Bruna da Silva ◽

Catilaine de Oliveira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Retrospective Study ◽

Telephone Interview ◽

Tertiary Hospital ◽

Lumbar Pain ◽

Functional Importance ◽

Level Of Evidence ◽

Spinal Arthrodesis ◽

The Impact

ABSTRACT Objectives: Considering the epidemiological and functional importance of spinal pathologies and the large number of surgeries performed today, the study aimed to evaluate the impact of spinal arthrodesis and discectomy surgeries on patients’ quality of life. Methods: This is a retrospective, descriptive, and longitudinal study developed in the neurology and neurosurgery department of a strategic tertiary hospital in an inland town in the state of São Paulo. Data were collected through a telephone interview, using the Oswestry questionnaire (ODI) to assess lumbar pain in patients submitted to surgery in 2014 and 2015. Results: There was an improvement in the ODI results in all the periods analyzed. When the evaluations were subdivided by surgical type, there was an absolute improvement in the median ODI results in all procedures, however, only the cervical spine arthrodesis procedure was not statistically significant, probably due to the low number of procedures analyzed (n = 12). Conclusion: It can be concluded that the current surgical technique can contribute to the improvement of patients’ quality of life. Level of Evidence III; Comparative retrospective study.

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The impact of tourism in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia on GDP, (2005 – 2017: An analytical approach)

Global Journal of Economic and Business ◽

10.31559/gjeb2021.10.2.15 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 458-462

Author(s):

Elsiddig Yousif Mohamed Musa

Keyword(s):

Saudi Arabia ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Positive Impact ◽

National Income ◽

Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Independent Variables ◽

Tourism Sector ◽

The Impact

Objectives: This study aims to highlight the spending of foreign and domestic tourism in KSA, and to investigate and analyze factors affecting Saudi's tourism sector, and its impact on the GDP.Methods/Statistical analysis: Three different regression models were specified and estimated in order to reflect the relationships between the dependent variable and independent variables in order the draw appropriate results and findings. The usage of regression method is straight forward to tackle such problem. The model of the study consists of the dependent variable which is the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Saudi Arabia of billions Saudi riyals and the independent variables which are: foreign spending of foreign tourists in millions Saudi riyals, local spending of domestic tourists in millions Saudi riyals, findings the results showed that the spending of foreign tourists – as expected – had positive impact on the GDP during the period of the study. Nevertheless, the domestic tourists had a negative impact on the GDP, which is unexpected due to the lower cost. For example, domestic tourists who travel to the destination using a car and have friends and family in the destination tend to spend less which brings a question about the effectiveness of comparing the average spending of the domestic and foreign tourists together Application. Entering tourists affect the GDP negatively while leaving tourists affect GDP positively. Finally, this study can help the policy makers in designing accurate plan which help in increasing the national income the development of KSA, beside enhancing the Saudi library by precise information about tourism.

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E-Readiness and Successful E-Commerce Diffusion in Developing Countries

Global Information Technologies ◽

10.4018/978-1-59904-939-7.ch020 ◽

2008 ◽

pp. 239-255

Author(s):

Alemayehu Molla

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Developing Countries ◽

Conceptual Framework ◽

Business Organizations ◽

Business Managers ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

The Impact

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The analysis of multilevel factors affecting adenoma detection rates for colonoscopies: a large-scale retrospective study

BMC Gastroenterology ◽

10.1186/s12876-021-01983-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Liang Huang ◽

Yue Hu ◽

Shan Liu ◽

Bo Jin ◽

Bin Lu

Keyword(s):

Retrospective Study ◽

Large Scale ◽

Multivariate Regression Analysis ◽

Strongly Correlated ◽

Detection Rates ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Adenoma Detection ◽

Adenoma Detection Rates ◽

Colonoscopy Quality ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background Adenoma detection rate (ADR) is a validated primary quality indicator for colonoscopy procedures. However, there is growing concern over the variability associated with ADR indicators. Currently, the factors that influence ADRs are not well understood. Aims In this large-scale retrospective study, the impact of multilevel factors on the quality of ADR-based colonoscopy was assessed. Methods A total of 10,788 patients, who underwent colonoscopies performed by 21 endoscopists between January 2019 and December 2019, were retrospectively enrolled in this study. Multilevel factors, including patient-, procedure-, and endoscopist-level characteristics were analyzed to determine their relationship with ADR. Results The overall ADR was 20.21% and ranged from 11.4 to 32.8%. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that higher ADRs were strongly correlated with the following multilevel factors: patient age per stage (OR 1.645; 95% CI 1.577–1.717), male gender (OR 1.959; 95% CI 1.772–2.166), sedation (OR 1.402; 95% CI 1.246–1.578), single examiner colonoscopy (OR 1.330; 95% CI 1.194–1.482) and senior level endoscopists (OR 1.609; 95% CI 1.449–1.787). Conclusion The ADR is positively correlated with senior level endoscopists and single examiner colonoscopies in patients under sedation. As such, these procedure- and endoscopist-level characteristics are important considerations to improve the colonoscopy quality.

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