Side-Effects of Representation: Measuring the Impact of Representative Hiring on Employment Discrimination Complaints

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (10) ◽  
pp. 1562-1592
Author(s):  
Ashley M. Alteri
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Sex Discrimination ◽  
Age Discrimination ◽  
Representative Bureaucracy ◽  
Black African ◽  
Race Discrimination ◽  
Female Employees ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Since 1978, the government has been implementing programs to combat the underrepresentation of minorities in federal employment. However, representative bureaucracy literature has done little to examine the impact these initiatives are having on the workplace. This article examines the relationship between changes in representation and discrimination complaints. Increases in the ratio of minority and female employees predict an increase in the rates of race and sex-discrimination complaints, respectively. Increases in the ratio of Black/African American and Asian employees predict an increase in race-discrimination complaints. However, the ratio of employees ages 40 or above did not predict changes in age discrimination.

Critical criteria for enhancing consumption intention in restaurants during COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheng-Fang Chou ◽  
Chih-Hsing Sam Liu ◽  
Jun-You Lin
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Consumer Behaviour ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Consumption Intentions ◽  
The Government ◽  
Media Channels ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to illustrate the different systems controlling coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and curbing the impact of the virus on the hospitality economy. The author’s clarified the critical attributes of the government, organization management system and consumer behaviour using mediation-moderation models and demonstrated how those critical attributes influenced customer consumption intention during COVID-19 in Taiwan.Design/methodology/approachDue to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, this research is mainly distributed through online questionnaires through Facebook and other social media channels to recruit volunteers. Second, the pre-test survey used 100 questionnaires collected from juniors and seniors from a university in northern Taiwan to make predictions. Third, this study also conducted a questionnaire validity analysis, which identified 9 criteria and 34 items. Fourth, the questionnaire collected samples for a total of three months. Structural equation modelling was used to test the hypotheses in a sample of 1,098 consumers in Taiwan.FindingsThis study considers government, enterprise and consumer levels and conducts relevant factor analysis from consumers’ perspectives to understand the changes in consumer behaviour under COVID-19 influence. Regarding mediation, this study finds that information and communication mediate the relationships between crisis management and COVID-19 impact. Regarding moderation, this study exposes the critical moderating part of human resources, that hygiene and safety strengthen the relationships between COVID-19 impact and attitude towards life and that perceived anxiety strengthens the relationship between attitude towards life and consumption intention.Practical implicationsDuring COVID-19, restaurants should cooperate with the government to reduce the risk of community infection. Therefore, the government also needs to cooperate with restaurant companies to enhance the industrial economy, actively communicate with consumers and provide correct and sufficient information. At the same time, restaurant enterprises also need to have sufficient human resource arrangements, hygiene and safety planning to eliminate consumers’ doubts.Originality/valueThese findings indicate that consumers’ consumption intention to eat out is affected by the COVID-19 impact and attitude towards life. This research also confirms that perceived anxiety has a mediating effect on the relationship between consumer attitudes towards life and consumption intentions. To improve the restaurant economic process, they should consider solutions to reduce consumers’ perception of the COVID-19 impact and fear of eating out.

Harassment at Work as Discrimination: The Current Debate in England and Wales

1998 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-114
Author(s):  
Pauline Roberts ◽  
Lucy Vickers
Keyword(s):  
Race Relations ◽  
Sex Discrimination ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Racial Harassment ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Victims Of Bullying ◽  
Court Of Appeal

In 1996–97 there were a number of significant decisions which extended the scope of employers' liability for sexual and racial harassment at work, based upon the provisions of the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 and the Race Relations Act 1976. This article seeks to analyse the impact of these recent cases. It began by considering the relationship between the concepts of ‘harassment’ and ‘discrimination’ and the problems inherent in using the anti-discrimination legislation to deal with harassment and bullying at work; we then focus on the recently demonstrated ‘purposive’ approach of the Employment Appeal Tribunal and Court of Appeal in interpreting the statutes and consider how this combats the weaknesses identified. Alternative forms of relief will be briefly considered, in particular the recently enacted Protection from Harassment Act 1997. The authors, while welcoming the recent decisions, argue that there are some victims of bullying who remain outside the protection of the existing anti-discrimination legislation (as they do not fall within any of the groups identified for protection), notwithstanding the robust advances of the EAT. We suggest that the Protection from Harassment Act may not completely fill this gap.

scholarly journals The Impact of Gadget Use on the Aspects of Early Childhood Language Development during Covid-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-07
Author(s):  
Vebionita Megi Putri ◽  
Delfi Eliza
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Language Development ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Use Of Technology ◽  
Entire World ◽  
Learning At Home ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Children are generations or descendants as a result of the relationship between men and women, whether in marriage or not. Early childhood is an individual who is experiencing a period of very rapid growth, even though now the entire world is experiencing the Covid-19 pandemic, it is not an obstacle to children's development and growth. With the pandemic, the government is implementing learning at home, the use of technology media is the main key in online learning. This study aims to describe the impact of using gadgets in early childhood in the aspects of language development. This research was conducted using the literature study method in which journals, books and other sources reinforce this research.

scholarly journals Implications of ownership identity and insider’s supremacy on the economic performance of the listed companies

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 399-411
Author(s):  
Qaiser Rafique Yasser ◽  
Abdullah Al-Mamun
Keyword(s):  
Firm Performance ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Theoretic Approach ◽  
Main Research ◽  
The Government ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

We adopt a multi-theoretic approach to investigate a previously unexplored phenomenon in extant literature, namely the differential impact of ownership identity and director dominate shareholding on the performance of emerging market firms. The main research question addressed is, whether the impact of this relationship is conditional on the identity of the block investor. First, the relationship between overall block ownership and firm performance is tested by employing multiple regressions on 500 firm-year observations for the period from 2007 to 2011. Then, the block ownership is classified as the state, individuals, insiders, financial institutions, corporate and foreign investors and the influence of these identities on firm performance is examined. It was found that only the ownership categories such as the government, institutions and foreign ownership have positive influence on the firm performance. The results also indicate that high level of insider ownership also negatively associated with the firm performance. The main contribution of this paper is the examination of the relationship between block ownership and firm performance from the perspective of the identity of investors

scholarly journals Moderating Effect of Political Instability on ICT and Economic Growth Nexus in Kenya: ARDL Bound - Co-Integration Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 04 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matundura Erickson ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Political Instability ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Moderating Effect ◽  
High Interest ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Adf Test ◽  
The Relationship

The government has attempted to target specific macroeconomic factors in order to stimulate economic growth in Kenya through monetary and fiscal policies. Despite these efforts, Kenya's GDP growth is hampered by high interest rates and high interest rate volatility. Kenya's ability to address macroeconomic instability hinges on its ability to increase economic growth. Auxiliary evidence shows that perspectives on the relationship between ICT and economic growth are segmented. The goal of this study was to determine the impact of ICT on economic growth in Kenya, as well as the moderating effect of political instability on the relationship. The research was based on Solow's theory of growth. An explanatory research design was used, with data spanning from 1990-2020 obtained from Kenya Bureau of Statistics. In the empirical analysis, the study used the bound test to test for a long-run relationship and the Autoregressive Distributed Lag model (ARDL) to evaluate the relationship between the variables. The data was subjected to an Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test to determine stationarity.The long run ARDL results indicated that the coefficients of; ICT rate were insignificant . However with the introduction of political instability as the moderator ICT was significant and positively affected economic growth. Political instability moderated the relationship between ICT ( and economic growth. As a result, promoting effective governance should help to improve political stability. The findings of this study will help the government figure out how to address the problem of low economic growth. According to the study, the government should invest in the ICT sector to improve its accessibility and affordability. Additionally, the government should work to improve political stability and good governance by gradually establishing institutions that uphold the rule of law and provide security.

scholarly journals Government Size and Corruption: A Non-linear Analysis in the Case of EMCCA

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Assoumou Ondo ◽  
Beau Jency Owono Ondo
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Linear Analysis ◽  
Government Size ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This article analyzes the relationship between Government size and corruption. Unlike the works in the way which suppose a linear relationship between the two variables, we estimate a panel with change of the modes to characterize the impact of the size of the Central Government on corruption, in the countries of the economic community and monetary of Central Africa (EMCCA). The results show that there is a non-linear relationship between these two variables. Indeed, a strong involvement of the Government in economic activity results in a significant increase in corruption when the Government exceeds a size of 13.5508% of the GDP.

scholarly journals RELASI MASJID DAN PASAR: KAJIAN SOSIOLOGI HUKUM TERHADAP KEBIJAKAN PENERAPAN PEMBATASAN SOSIAL BERSKALA BESAR SAAT PANDEMI COVID 19

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-131
Author(s):  
Indra Budi Jaya
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Social Engineering ◽  
Sociology Of Law ◽  
Restriction Policy ◽  
Social Restriction ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Islam as a religion wants its people to always maintain a balance between religiosity (al din) and worldly problems (al dunya). The relationship between the two describes something that is separate but inseparable (harmony). However, for modern society, this condition often creates contradictions, this condition was seen at the time of the Covid 19 pandemic. The implementation of Large-Scale Social Restrictions by the government in an effort to overcome the spread of the impact of Covid 19 to the community by limiting activities in mosques and allowing activities in the market to continue in fact responded by the community differently. The methodology used is qualitative by using social policy analysis. This paper tries to examine social policies towards the application of large-scale social restrictions on mosques and markets. In this paper, the sociology of law theory is used, namely Law is a social engineering tool which emphasizes that law becomes the commander who must bring change to society. The results obtained in the research are that the community responds to the large-scale social restriction policy differently, where the purpose of the policy is for the community to be expected to make changes by complying with the rules that have been set by the government, the conditions for rejection and various responses are caused by disharmony between implementation of policies with public awareness of the law.Keyword : Policy, large-Scale Restrictions and the sociology of law. AbstrakIslam sebagai agama mengkhendaki umatnya agar senantiasa menjaga keseimbangan antara religiusitas (al din) dan masalah keduniaan (al dunia). Hubungan keduanya menggambarkan sesuatu yang terpisah namun tidak bisa dipisahkan (harmoni). Namun bagi masyarakat modern kondisi tersebut seringkali justru menimbulkan pertentangan, kondisi tersebut nampak pada saat terjadinya pandemi Covid 19. Penerapan Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar oleh pemerintah dalam upaya penanggulangan penyebaran dampak Covid 19 kepada masyarakat dengan membatasi aktivitas di masjid dan membiarkan kegiatan di pasar tetap berjalan nyatanya direspon oleh masyarakat secara berbeda. Metodologi yang digunakan adalah kualitatif dengan menggunakan analisis kebijakan sosial, Tulisan ini mencoba menelaah kebijakan sosial terhadap penerapan pembatasan sosial berskala besar terhadap masjid dan pasar. Dalam penulisan ini dipergunakan teori sosiologi hukum yaitu Law is a tool social engineering yang menegaskan bahwa hukum menjadi panglima yang harus membawa perubahan terhadap masyarakat. Hasil yang diperoleh dalam penelitian adalah Masyarakat merespon kebijakan pembatasan sosial berskala besar tersebut secara berbeda, dimana tujuan kebijakan tersebut adalah untuk masyarakat diharapkan dapat melakukan perubahan dengan mematuhi aturan yang telah di tetapkan oleh pemerintah, kondisi penolakan dan respon beragam tersebut di sebabkan oleh ketidak harmonisannya antara penerapan kebijakan dengan kesadaran masyarakat terhadap hukum.Kata Kunci : Kebijakan,  Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar dan Sosiologi Hukum

UK Fiscal Prospects

2010 ◽  
Vol 213 ◽  
pp. F66-F70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ray Barrell ◽  
Simon Kirby
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Budget Process ◽  
Spare Capacity ◽  
Intention To Move ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The UK is restructuring the fiscal policy framework once again, with an intention to move toward independent assessment and forecasting in the budget process. At the same time a large-scale, if delayed, fiscal consolidation is planned at a time when there is significant spare capacity in the economy. Economic growth is also projected to be below trend, at least this year and perhaps next. It is unusual to see a fiscal tightening when the output gap appears to be widening. These policy settings should be seen in the context of the most radical change in the nature of the relationship between the government and the economy for at least thirty years. This note assesses the impact of the new programme on the economy as well as setting out a projection for the medium-term public finances.

The challenge of addressing consumption pollutants with fiscal policy

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 624-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregmar I. Galinato ◽  
Asif Islam
Keyword(s):  
Government Spending ◽  
Market Failure ◽  
Environmental Regulations ◽  
Democratic Regime ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Quality Of Governance ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe authors develop a theoretical model that elucidates the relationship between the quality of governance, the composition of government spending and pollution as a by-product of the consumption process. In particular, they determine the impact of government spending that alleviates market failure such as subsidies to the poor which reduce credit market failure and environmental regulations to correct for pollution externality. It is found that a shift in government spending towards goods that alleviate market failure has countervailing effects – consumption pollution rises due to increases in income, but consumption pollution also falls due to increasing environmental regulations. Conditional on the government adopting a democratic regime, the effect through environmental regulations outweighs the effect through income leading to lower consumption pollution. The authors estimate an empirical model and find that the results support their theoretical predictions.

A Comparative Study of the Relationship Between Time and Criminal Justice: the New Face of Criminal Statutes of Limitations in Italy

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 300-334
Author(s):  
Simone Lonati
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Criminal Proceedings ◽  
Legal Traditions ◽  
Limitation Periods ◽  
The Government ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Made In

Addressing the need to avoid punishing long past events that have fallen into oblivion, only to then come into play when the government, by means of proceedings, stages a re-enactment and thus a reminiscence of those events: statutes of limitations in criminal law are marked by an axiological ambiguity. The debate on their quomodo becomes particularly heated when the focus turns to the possible interferences between limitation periods and criminal proceedings. The discussion stems from the difficult attempt to balance primary and essentially heterogeneous interests: on the one hand, protecting the accused from the “punishment of trial” and, on the other, providing the criminal justice system with adequate time for prosecuting and adjudicating criminal offences as a way to effectively protect the interests harmed by the commission of certain crimes. Furthermore, there is a widespread concern to avoid instrumental conducts by the parties solely aimed at running out the clock. The matter is undoubtedly complex, as the issues and implications it gives rise to are multiple and varied. In an attempt to outline a possible statutory framework that may govern the relationship between the passage of time after the commission of an offence and the time needed for its adjudication, it may be useful to expand the knowledge base from which to draw upon in order to identify appropriate solutions: to look beyond domestic boundaries is, after all, good practice when faced with an impasse. This analysis aims to closely examine the choices made in two legal systems-Germany and Spain-whose legal traditions are the closest to Italy. Firstly, the study will describe the key features characterizing, in general, limitation periods for criminal offences. Subsequently, special attention will be paid to the rules governing the impact that the launch and dynamics of criminal proceedings have on the running of limitation periods. Based on the differences and especially the similarities between the respective rules in force in the two countries, it will be possible to formulate a number of observations regarding the provisions implemented by the Italian legislator. Lastly, comparing and contrasting the German and Spanish legal experiences will allow a closer look at the more recent reforms of statutes of limitations in Italy, to the extent that the latter appear roughly inspired by the principles applied in the aforementioned systems.

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