Intrasentential binding and extrasentential binding in child and adult Korean

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 633-651
Author(s):  
Kum-Jeong Joo ◽  
Kamil Ud Deen
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Binding Properties ◽  
Korean Children ◽  
Preceding Sentence ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Local Binding

This article investigates the binding properties of the Korean reflexive caki. Korean caki allows a local antecedent, a long-distance sentence-internal antecedent, and (unusually) an extrasentential antecedent. Two experiments were conducted with Korean-speaking child participants (mean age = 5;8; age range = 5;1–6;4) and adult controls. The first tested local binding versus long-distance intrasentential binding, and the second tested extrasentential binding. The results show, first, that the children allowed both a local and a long-distance antecedent for caki, with a preference for the long-distance reading (counter to many claims that children show a robust preference for local antecedents crosslinguistically). Second, the children allowed caki to refer to an antecedent in a preceding sentence. These results indicate that, at an early stage, Korean children have acquired adult-like knowledge of the complex properties of caki, including what might be considered the computationally taxing option of extrasentential binding.

Animacy and long distance binding in Norwegian

2009 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helge Lødrup
Keyword(s):  
Binding Theory ◽  
Thematic Roles ◽  
Thematic Role ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Binding Properties ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Semantic Properties ◽  
Local Binding

Norwegian allows binding into finite subordinate clauses when the subordinate subject is inanimate and has a thematic role that is low on the hierarchy of thematic roles (e.g.Hun trodde hun gjorde det som var best forseg selv‘she thought she did that which was best forrefl self’). This kind of long distance binding is productive, and generally acceptable, but it has never been mentioned in the literature. This article discusses its syntactic and semantic properties. It is shown that the reflexives in question are not necessarily logophoric, and that they prefer a distributive interpretation. The general binding properties of inanimate subjects are discussed, and it is proposed that binding theory must have the option to disregard them. Binding across inanimate subjects can then be treated as local binding.

The Influence of Visual Impairment on Physical Fitness Test Performance

1986 ◽  
Vol 80 (5) ◽  
pp. 729-731
Author(s):  
Francis X. Short ◽  
Joseph P. Winnick
Keyword(s):  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Visual Impairment ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Visually Impaired ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Physical Fitness Test ◽  
Fitness Test ◽  
Test Items ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Partially Sighted

The Project UNIQUE Physical Fitness Test was administered to 686 normally sighted and 484 visually impaired subjects in the 10-17 age range. Significant differences favoring the normally sighted were found for each of the six test items. The severity of the visual impairment was a significant factor on the two running items. Partially sighted subjects made better scores than legally blind subjects on the 50-yard dash and long-distance run. No significant differences between partially sighted and blind subjects were found for the non-running items in the test battery (skinfolds, grip strength, sit-ups and sit and reach). Findings suggested that, depending upon the purpose of the assessment, physical fitness test scores of the visually impaired generally should be compared to specially designed norms and that, on the running items, separate norms should be utilized for the blind and partially sighted.

scholarly journals Man-made habitats - hotspots of evolutionary game between grass, fungus and fly

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlena Lembicz ◽  
Paweł Olejniczak ◽  
Ziemowit Olszanowski ◽  
Karolina Górzyńska ◽  
Adrian Leuchtmann
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Evolutionary Game ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Puccinellia Distans ◽  
New Man ◽  
Epichloë Typhina ◽  
Vegetative Season

Man-made habitats - hotspots of evolutionary game between grass, fungus and flyThe origin and effects of an evolutionary game between species from three different kingdoms (plants, fungi and animals) are presented. We provide scientific evidence that the interaction discovered in man-made habitats leads to an early stage of coevolution. The grassPuccinellia distanswas observed to rapidly spread in new man-made habitats, while at the same time, it was colonised by the fungusEpichloë typhina.The invasion of infected grasses is accompanied by alterations in life histories of both species:P. distansdeveloped features promoting long-distance spreading, whereasE. typhinachanged its life cycle by forming sexual structures for the second time, later in the vegetative season. This enables the fungus to make use of the late shoots of the grass for sexual reproduction, even though it cannot be completed because the vector of spermatia necessary for fertilisation, femaleBotanophilaflies, is not present at that time. This indicates that such uncoordinated evolutionary processes had taken place before interactions between organisms became so specialised that it is difficult to presume they were the result of natural selection. Moreover, these processes could have been initiated in man-made habitats that, in particular circumstances, can become coevolutionary hotspots.

Anaphor binding

2019 ◽  
pp. 289-302
Author(s):  
Jan Terje Faarlund
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Binding Domains ◽  
Reflexive Pronoun ◽  
Infinitival Clauses ◽  
Verbal Content ◽  
Non Local ◽  
Small Clauses ◽  
Local Binding

Scandinavian has a reflexive pronoun and a reflexive possessive for the 3rd person, and a reciprocal pronoun for all persons. Regular binding domains are finite and non-finite clauses, small clauses, and noun phrases with a verbal content and a genitive ‘agent’. There are also less expected binding relations within NPs, possibly involving an invisible binder. Within VP an indirect object may bind a direct object. Even non-c-commanding binders within VP do exist. Non-local binding into small clauses and infinitival clauses is frequent. Some varieties, especially Norwegian, also allow long distance binding, i.e. binding into finite subordinate clauses. At this point, there is a great deal of variation in acceptability, and definite rules are hard to identify.

scholarly journals Romantic Love and Attentional Biases Toward Attractive Alternatives and Rivals: Long-Term Relationship Maintenance Among Female Chinese College Students

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 147470491989760
Author(s):  
Yidan Ma ◽  
Weifeng Xue ◽  
Guang Zhao ◽  
Shen Tu ◽  
Yong Zheng
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Romantic Relationships ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Chinese Women ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Romantic Love ◽  
Relationship Maintenance ◽  
Attentional Biases ◽  
Age Range

Studies about heterosexual individuals’ long-term relationship maintenance have indicated that committed individuals possess evolved psychological mechanisms that help protect their ongoing romantic relationships against threats from attractive others during early stage attentional processing when mating-related motivation is activated. In this study, two experiments tested the relationship maintenance mechanism among committed female college students in the Chinese cultural context under different love priming conditions. Committed Chinese women displayed inattention to attractive alternatives in positive love-scenario priming (Study 1: 114 female undergraduates, age range = 18–26 years), subliminal semantic love priming (Study 2: 110 female undergraduates, age range = 18–25 years), and baseline conditions (Studies 1 and 2). Those with high levels of chronic jealousy showed significantly increased attention to and difficulty disengaging attention from attractive rivals when subliminally primed with love. This provides further evidence, from an Eastern cultural context, for the existence of attentional biases toward attractive alternatives and rivals in early stage attentional processes for relationship maintenance. This research also illustrates the important role of romantic love in maintaining long-term romantic relationships.

scholarly journals Identification of Metabolite and Lipid Profiles in a Segregating Peach Population Associated with Mealiness in Prunus persica (L.) Batsch

Metabolites ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Lillo-Carmona ◽  
Alonso Espinoza ◽  
Karin Rothkegel ◽  
Miguel Rubilar ◽  
Ricardo Nilo-Poyanco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Storage ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Chilling Injury ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Lipid Profiles ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Physiological Disorder ◽  
Export Markets ◽  
Long Time

The peach is the third most important temperate fruit crop considering fruit production and harvested area in the world. Exporting peaches represents a challenge due to the long-distance nature of export markets. This requires fruit to be placed in cold storage for a long time, which can induce a physiological disorder known as chilling injury (CI). The main symptom of CI is mealiness, which is perceived as non-juicy fruit by consumers. The purpose of this work was to identify and compare the metabolite and lipid profiles between two siblings from contrasting populations for juice content, at harvest and after 30 days at 0 °C. A total of 119 metabolites and 189 lipids were identified, which showed significant differences in abundance, mainly in amino acids, sugars and lipids. Metabolites displaying significant changes from the E1 to E3 stages corresponded to lipids such as phosphatidylglycerol (PG), monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and lysophosphatidylcholines (LPC), and sugars such as fructose 1 and 1-fructose-6 phosphate. These metabolites might be used as early stage biomarkers associated with mealiness at harvest and after cold storage.

The Thorny Oyster and the Origins of Empire: Implications of Recently Uncovered Spondylus Imagery from Chan Chan, Peru

1996 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 313-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne Pillsbury
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Coast ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Critical Element ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Political Economies ◽  
Trade And Exchange ◽  
Exchange Network

The acquisition and use of exotic, valuable, and ritually important elite goods is a prominent feature of many imperial political economies. After an extensive review of the archaeological and documentary sources on one specific valuable in the empire of Chimor, this paper analyzes the visual representation of such goods, an aspect seldom addressed by archaeologists. An architectural relief recently excavated at Chan Chan, the capital of Chimor, sheds new light on the use of exotic materials and long-distance trade and exchange along the Pacific coast of South America in the late Prehispanic period. This relief, named "Los Buceadores" (The Divers) for the principal imagery depicting Spondylus divers, is important for elucidating the role of this valuable in the early development of the Chimú empire. It is argued that the Chimú rulers sponsored a long-distance exchange network during an early stage of the expansion of the Chimú polity and that the fruits of this network, particularly Spondylus, formed a critical element in the formation and maintenance of the ritual and economic basis of power for the expanding state.

scholarly journals Reprogramming of the Wheat Transcriptome in Response to Infection with Claviceps Purpurea, the Causal Agent of Ergot

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lesley A. Boyd ◽  
Eleni Tente ◽  
Nelzo Ereful ◽  
Anyela Camargo Rodriguez ◽  
Paul Grant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Differential Gene Expression ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Receptor Protein ◽  
Claviceps Purpurea ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Transmitting Tissue ◽  
Significant Differential Expression ◽  
Differential Gene ◽  
Wheat Transcriptome

Abstract Background: Ergot, caused by the fungal pathogen Claviceps purpurea, infects the female flowers of a range of cereal crops, including wheat. To understand the interaction between C. purpurea and hexaploid wheat we undertook an extensive examination of the reprogramming of the wheat transcriptome in response to C. purpurea infection through floral tissues (i.e. the stigma, transmitting and base ovule tissues of the ovary) and over time. Results: C. purpurea hyphae were observed to have grown into and down the stigma at 24 hours (H) after inoculation. By 48H hyphae had grown through the transmitting tissue into the base, while by 72H hyphae had surrounded the ovule. By 5 days (D) the ovule had been replaced by fungal tissue. Significant differential gene expression was first observed at 1H in the stigma tissue. Many of the wheat genes differentially transcribed in response to C. purpurea infection were associated with plant hormones and included the ethylene (ET), auxin, cytokinin, gibberellic acid (GA), salicylic acid and jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthetic and signaling pathways. Hormone-associated genes were first detected in the stigma and base tissues at 24H, but not in the transmitting tissue. Genes associated with GA and JA pathways were seen in the stigma at 24H, while JA and ET-associated genes were identified in the base at 24H. In addition, several defence-associated genes were differential expressed in response to C. purpurea infection, including antifungal proteins, endocytosis/exocytosis-related proteins, NBS-LRR class proteins, genes involved in programmed cell death, receptor protein kinases and transcription factors. Of particular interest was the identification of significant differential expression of wheat genes in the base tissue well before the appearance of fungal hyphae, suggesting that a mobile signal, either pathogen or plant-derived, is delivered to the base prior to colonisation.Conclusions: Multiple host hormonal biosynthesis and signalling pathways were significantly perturbed from an early stage in the wheat – C. purpurea interaction. Significant differential gene expression at the base of the ovary, ahead of arrival of the pathogen, indicated the potential presence of a long-distance signal modifying host gene expression.

scholarly journals Giant Euthyroid Goitre: Clinical Profile as Seen in Otorhinolaryngology Department of a Tertiary Health Institution, in Northwestern Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Daniel Aliyu ◽  
Kufre Robert Iseh ◽  
Yikawe Stephen Semen ◽  
Stanley Baba Amutta ◽  
Joseph Hassan Solomon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Injury ◽  
Clinical Profile ◽  
Thyroid Function Tests ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
Age Range

Background: Goiter refers to a diffuse enlargement of thyroid gland. It has a high prevalence in adult population in endemic areas where iodized salt is not part of the regular diet. Aim: We report the clinical profile of giant goiters seen in a tertiary hospital in Northwestern Nigeria. Methods: A prospective study of all surgically operated cases of goiter carried out in a tertiary health hospital in Northwestern Nigeria, over a period of 6 years between January 2011 and December 2016. Bio data, duration of goiter, symptoms, geographical location, thyroid function tests, radiological reports and treatment were recorded and analyzed. Results: Ninety-Seven patients were operated for goitre during the study period. Out of these 19 (19.6%) were giant goitres weighing between 900g-3200g. There were 13 (68.4%) females and 6 (31.6%) males with M: F ratio of 1:2.2. Age range was between 39 – 71 years with a mean age of 53.2 years. Prevalence was high in the 41-60 year age group. Duration of goiter in 13 (68.4%) of patients was between 11-20years. Retrosternal extension was observed in 7 (36.8%) patients. Tracheal deviation was the most common risk factor for respiratory complication in all the patients followed by tracheomalacia in 8(42.1%). Postoperative temporary Tracheostomy was carried out in 4(21.1%) of patients. Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury occurred in 2(10.5%). No mortality was recorded. Conclusion: Respiratory complications are commonly associated with giant goiters, a pathology that is entirely preventive if diagnosed and managed at an early stage.

scholarly journals Archaeological evidence for two separate dispersals of Neanderthals into southern Siberia

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (6) ◽  
pp. 2879-2885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kseniya A. Kolobova ◽  
Richard G. Roberts ◽  
Victor P. Chabai ◽  
Zenobia Jacobs ◽  
Maciej T. Krajcarz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Source Region ◽  
Northern Caucasus ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Southern Siberia ◽  
Dry Steppe ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
Northern Croatia ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Mountains Of Southern Siberia

Neanderthals were once widespread across Europe and western Asia. They also penetrated into the Altai Mountains of southern Siberia, but the geographical origin of these populations and the timing of their dispersal have remained elusive. Here we describe an archaeological assemblage from Chagyrskaya Cave, situated in the Altai foothills, where around 90,000 Middle Paleolithic artifacts and 74 Neanderthal remains have been recovered from deposits dating to between 59 and 49 thousand years ago (age range at 95.4% probability). Environmental reconstructions suggest that the Chagyrskaya hominins were adapted to the dry steppe and hunted bison. Their distinctive toolkit closely resembles Micoquian assemblages from central and eastern Europe, including the northern Caucasus, more than 3,000 kilometers to the west of Chagyrskaya Cave. At other Altai sites, evidence of earlier Neanderthal populations lacking associated Micoquian-like artifacts implies two or more Neanderthal incursions into this region. We identify eastern Europe as the most probable ancestral source region for the Chagyrskaya toolmakers, supported by DNA results linking the Neanderthal remains with populations in northern Croatia and the northern Caucasus, and providing a rare example of a long-distance, intercontinental population movement associated with a distinctive Paleolithic toolkit.

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