Natural Gas, An Essential Source of Energy in The Romanian Economy

Romanian natural gas production and use, starting in 1912 reached 35 BCM/year in the mid eighties and by 1990 was supplemented by imports of 40 BCM/year from the Soviet Union. ROMGAZ is responsible for most aspects of the Romanian gas industry (exploration, production and distribution). Restructuring and modernization of the industry, with help from the World Bank and USAID, is taking place and growing foreign participation is planned.

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The Struggle over Structural Adjustment

History of Political Economy ◽

10.1215/00182702-7903324 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 51 (S1) ◽

pp. 253-276

Author(s):

Johanna Bockman

Keyword(s):

Soviet Union ◽

World Bank ◽

International Monetary Fund ◽

Structural Adjustment ◽

Neoclassical Economics ◽

Weimar Germany ◽

The World Bank ◽

The Soviet Union ◽

The World ◽

Adjustment Policies

In 1980 the World Bank extended its first structural adjustment loans. Scholars and activists have argued that structural adjustment policies, and the neoclassical economics that legitimates them, destroyed Keynesianism, developmentalism, and socialism. In contrast to the view that structural adjustment began as a clear neoliberal project, I argue that the second and third worlds, in fact, demanded structural adjustment, which, in response, the World Bank and International Monetary Fund sought to realize but in a way fundamentally different from what was demanded. In this article, I examine economists’ ideas about structural adjustment across socialist eras—from 1920s Weimar Germany and the Soviet Union to midcentury socialist Yugoslavia and the post-1964 UN Conference on Trade and Development—and explore the origins of what we know today as structural adjustment policies.

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A Comparison Of Corruption Perceptions: The Czech Republic And Sloakia

International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) ◽

10.19030/iber.v3i8.3709 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 3 (8) ◽

Author(s):

Jerry E. Wheat ◽

Brenda Swartz ◽

Frank Wadsworth

Keyword(s):

Czech Republic ◽

Soviet Union ◽

World Bank ◽

Business Environment ◽

The Czech Republic ◽

The World Bank ◽

Velvet Revolution ◽

The Soviet Union ◽

The World ◽

Independent States

When the Soviet Union disintegrated in 1989 Czechoslovakia regained its independence from Soviet domination as a result of a so called velvet revolution. Four years later in 1993 the two parts of Czechoslovakia separated in a velvet divorce to become two independent states: The Czech Republic and Slovakia. Slovakia was at the time less developed than the Czech Republic. Previous studies of corruption indicate that the less developed a country is the more corruption would be expected. This study uses data from the Business Environment and Economic Performance Survey (BEEPS) of the World Bank and the European Bank for reconstruction and Development to explore perceptions of corruption in the two countries.

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The Economic Price of Natural Gas in Pakistan (Notes & Comments)

The Pakistan Development Review ◽

10.30541/v13i4pp.481-484 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 481-484

Author(s):

J. Faaland ◽

J. R. Parkinson

Keyword(s):

Natural Gas ◽

World Bank ◽

Electricity Generation ◽

Irrigate Land ◽

Hydro Power ◽

Power Resources ◽

The World Bank ◽

The World ◽

Economic Price ◽

Tarbela Dam

The World Bank Study," Water and Power Resources of West Pakistan" [1], is one of the most thorough-going and sophisticated of its type. In re¬reading it we have been struck by a curious argument related to the real benefits to be expected from the construction of the Tarbela dam. It was designed to produce electricity as well as to irrigate land and it was necessary to estimate the benefits that the electricity would confer. One way of doing this was to estimate the saving that would be made by using hydro-power instead of natural gas or imported fuel, for electricity generation. This meant that an appropriate set of prices had to be estimated for Pakistan's supply of natural gas. The way in which this was done was, to say the least, unusual. The relevant passage justi¬fying the approach adopted is as follows:

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THE ECONOMICS OF NATURAL GAS DEVELOPMENT††The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the position of the World Bank.

The Economics of Natural Gas in Developing Countries ◽

10.1016/b978-0-08-032780-8.50016-4 ◽

1985 ◽

pp. 237-248

Author(s):

P. BOURCIER ◽

D. JULIUS ◽

P. MOULIN ◽

K. PALMER

Keyword(s):

Natural Gas ◽

World Bank ◽

The World Bank ◽

Natural Gas Development ◽

The World

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Current state of the gas industry of the republic of kazakhstan

Bulletin of "Turan" University ◽

10.46914/1562-2959-2021-1-1-201-208 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 201-208

Author(s):

Z. A. Imangozhina

Keyword(s):

Natural Gas ◽

Moving Average ◽

Gas Production ◽

Gas Pipelines ◽

Gas Field ◽

Gas Industry ◽

The World ◽

The Republic ◽

Pass Through ◽

Sphere Of Influence

The Republic of Kazakhstan possesses large reserves of natural resources. Gas is one of the most demanded energy resources in the world today. Kazakhstan is one of the 30 leading countries in terms of gas reserves and production, while constantly increasing its production potential and expanding its sphere of influence in the gas field in the world. In percentage terms, Kazakhstan owns 1.7% of the world's proven natural gas reserves. This article analyzes the indicators of the country's gas industry development. There was prepared a forecast of natural gas production up to 2030, it was made using the Brown model of moving average (CC model). The analysis of indicators of gas transportation through pipelines, such as transit and export, is made. The location on the map plays an important role in the development of the gas industry in Kazakhstan, as gas pipelines connecting Europe and Asia pass through its territory. Transit gas pipelines are used both for gas supplies to the domestic market of the country and for gas exports. The total length of high, medium and low pressure gas pipelines in Kazakhstan is 28,628 km. In addition to positive indicators indicating the stable development of the industry, the factors hindering the development of the gas industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan are identified.

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The World Bank’s Role in Tourism Development: The Case of Uzbekistan

International Conference on Eurasian Economies 2016 ◽

10.36880/c07.01459 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Mithat Zeki Dinçer ◽

Fatma Füsun İstanbullu Dinçer ◽

Zaid Alrawadieh

Keyword(s):

Soviet Union ◽

World Bank ◽

International Organizations ◽

Former Soviet Union ◽

Tourism Development ◽

Tourism Industry ◽

The World Bank ◽

The World ◽

World Tourism Organization ◽

Tourism Organization

After the collapse of the former Soviet Union, Uzbekistan started to build its own national economy with serious attempt to integrate with the international economy. Right after the independence, Uzbekistan joined the international organizations such the World Bank and the United Nations World Tourism Organization. Development projects were initiated and radical changes were noted through developing the infrastructure and building new airports and railways. Tourism was considered a priority and a tool for development in Uzbekistan. With these thoughts in mind, this paper attempts to examine the World Bank’s role in the tourism development in Uzbekistan. For the purpose of this study, the bank’s documents related to 39 projects that were implanted or are being currently implemented in the country were reviewed and content analyzed. The study suggested that, since the independence of Uzbekistan in 1991 and its enrollment to the World Bank in 1992 there has been no tourism-focus projects supported by the bank. Yet, a number of projects that addressed areas such as urban development and human resources development are expected to affect indirectly the growth and development of tourism industry in the country. The paper recommends tourism planners in Uzbekistan to reevaluate their connections with the international organizations to maximize their role in lunching projects that would contribute to the tourism development in the country.

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Oil, gas industry of Saudi Arabia

Butlerov Communications ◽

10.37952/roi-jbc-01/20-63-9-105 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 63 (9) ◽

pp. 105-112

Author(s):

Sh aalan Mohamed Abdo Hamud ◽

◽

Raisa A. Ak hmedyanova ◽

Keyword(s):

Saudi Arabia ◽

Natural Gas ◽

Shale Gas ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Gas Production ◽

Gas Industry ◽

Oil Reserves ◽

The World ◽

Saudi Aramco ◽

Oil Company

The review of the oil and gas industry in Saudi Arabia is Conducted. Data on oil and gas reserves, consumption, and exports are provided. Saudi Arabia is one of the largest non-FTI producers in the Russian Federation among the non-FTI exporters (OPEC). BL agodarya mirovym za pasam not FTI, one of the most important ones in the world, but the one with the most inquisitive in the field of energy from rasli, Saudi Arabia, is the largest exporter of oil. The data on oil reserves of the largest fields, including the largest in the world of the terikovoye non-oil field of Gavar are presented. Saudi Arabia occupies the fifth place in the world in the field of natural gas passes, with a volume of 294 trillion cubic feet, and the third place in the field of natural gas passes in the Far East. Saudi Arabia they EET de nine EXT morning not preparatively for waste water treatment, of which four PR andlegal Saudi Aramco and the OS the rest of the floor joint PR Adbrite with to foreign companies. The largest oil and gas companies represented in SaudiI Arawia are named, in particular: Saudi Aramco, Saudi Shell, Saudi Exxon Mobil, Saudi Chevron, Total, Eni, Sinopec, Sumitomo. It is shown that Saudi Ar amco is a non-state oil company of Saudi Arabia, the largest in the world in terms of oil production and oil reserves. The company also controls natural gas production in the country. Saudi Aramco is a national non-oil company Of the Saudi Aravia, which is responsible for non-oil and gas operations throughout the Kingdom. Recently, the main goal is to use unconventional gas sources, namely shale gas production. Currently, the company Saudi Aramco has more than 16 drilling rigs for the extraction of shale gas. By the end of 2020, the company is expected to extract 3 billion cubic feet of natural gas per day.

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