Token Economy: A Systematic Review of Procedural Descriptions

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 708-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan W. Ivy ◽  
James N. Meindl ◽  
Eric Overley ◽  
Kristen M. Robson
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Applied Research ◽  
Conditioned Reinforcer ◽  
Token Economy ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Schedules Of Reinforcement ◽  
Target Response ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Practice Recommendations ◽  
Procedural Components

The token economy is a well-established and widely used behavioral intervention. A token economy is comprised of six procedural components: the target response(s), a token that functions as a conditioned reinforcer, backup reinforcers, and three interconnected schedules of reinforcement. Despite decades of applied research, the extent to which the procedures of a token economy are described in complete and replicable detail has not been evaluated. Given the inherent complexity of a token economy, an analysis of the procedural descriptions may benefit future token economy research and practice. Articles published between 2000 and 2015 that included implementation of a token economy within an applied setting were identified and reviewed with a focus on evaluating the thoroughness of procedural descriptions. The results show that token economy components are regularly omitted or described in vague terms. Of the articles included in this analysis, only 19% (18 of 96 articles reviewed) included replicable and complete descriptions of all primary components. Missing or vague component descriptions could negatively affect future research or applied practice. Recommendations are provided to improve component descriptions.

Mobile Technology and Student Learning

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 34-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela Pollara ◽  
Kelly Kee Broussard
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Student Learning ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Mobile Devices ◽  
Mobile Learning ◽  
Mobile Technology ◽  
Student Learning Outcomes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Learning Research

As mobile devices become ubiquitous, it is necessary to analyze if and how these devices can be used for learning. This systematic review is part of a larger review that analyzed 21 mobile learning research studies published from 2005-present. Eleven studies that focused specifically on student learning outcomes and processes are summarized in this review in order to better understand the direction of mobile learning in mainstream education. Overall, studies were found to be positive and indicated several benefits of using mobile devices for learning including an increase in achievement, productivity, engagement, and motivation. This paper also highlights recommendations for future research and practice in the field of mobile learning, specifically focusing on the way personal mobile device ownership may influence learning both inside and outside the classroom.

scholarly journals Narratives of School Counselors Regarding Advocacy for LGBTQ Students

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 2156759X1986152
Author(s):  
Jack Simons ◽  
Mary Cuadrado
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Theory Of Planned Behavior ◽  
School Counselors ◽  
School Counselor ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Practice Recommendations ◽  
Lgbtq Students ◽  
Sociopolitical Climate

Using a directed form of qualitative research proposed by Mayring, this qualitative study applied Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to examine the efforts of nine self-identified school counselor advocates to advocate for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and questioning (LGBTQ) students. This study is warranted because LGBTQ students commonly experience bullying in the absence of resources while also trying to navigate a new identity. Findings indicated that the work expectations of other school stakeholders, along with the school counselors’ levels of advocacy self-efficacy and exposure to the LGBTQ community, were related to how, when, and why the school counselors advocated for LGBTQ students. We offer future research and practice recommendations to give more voice to LGBTQ students in the current sociopolitical climate.

Mobile Technology and Student Learning

2014 ◽  
pp. 32-41
Author(s):  
Pamela Pollara ◽  
Kelly Kee Broussard
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Student Learning ◽  
Mobile Devices ◽  
Mobile Learning ◽  
Mobile Technology ◽  
Mobile Device ◽  
Student Learning Outcomes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Learning Research

As mobile devices become ubiquitous, it is necessary to analyze if and how these devices can be used for learning. This systematic review is part of a larger review that analyzed 21 mobile learning research studies published from 2005-present. Eleven studies that focused specifically on student learning outcomes and processes are summarized in this review in order to better understand the direction of mobile learning in mainstream education. Overall, studies were found to be positive and indicated several benefits of using mobile devices for learning including an increase in achievement, productivity, engagement, and motivation. This paper also highlights recommendations for future research and practice in the field of mobile learning, specifically focusing on the way personal mobile device ownership may influence learning both inside and outside the classroom.

Direct Observation of Searching for Online Health Information: A Systematic Review of Current Evidence

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Branscum ◽  
Logan Hayes ◽  
Lorraine Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Health Information ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Online Health Information ◽  
Observational Method ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Small Sample Sizes

Few studies have been conducted to explore how individuals objectively attempt to retrieve health information using some type of observational method. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to systematically describe and summarize studies employing a direct observational method, and/or video/audio recording program, to examine how individuals actively search for online health information. Eleven articles were found to be acceptable. Overall, studies contained fairly small sample sizes, used mostly college students, and no study explicitly recruited any racial or minority groups. Implications for future research and practice is discussed.

scholarly journals Becoming parents by adoption: A systematic review

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 116-127
Author(s):  
Tracey Long ◽  
Catriona Jones ◽  
Julie Jomeen ◽  
Colin R Martin
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Service Provision ◽  
Healthcare Service ◽  
Transition To Parenthood ◽  
Adoptive Parents ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Biological Parents ◽  
Areas Of Interest ◽  
First Time

The transition to parenthood for biological parents has been explored extensively in research, shaping healthcare service provision from pre-conception to birth and beyond. However, adoptive parents are in a unique position and, despite a growing number of studies on this issue, there remains a demonstrable evidence gap about the experiences of adoptive parents. There is an urgent need to bring existing work in this area together and synthesise the key messages for research and practice. The aim of this review was to identify and summarise papers concerning the experiences of adoptive parents becoming parents for the first time, in order to inform future research and clinical practice. A systematic review identified 21 papers and seven areas of interest. Similarities exist between new biological and new adoptive parents but new adoptive parents face unique experiences and challenges as a result of becoming parents through adoption, not biology.

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