Balancing Prosocial Effort Across Social Categories: Mental Accounting Heuristics in Helping Decisions

2020 ◽  
pp. 014616722097668
Author(s):  
Johanna Peetz ◽  
Andrea L. Howard
Keyword(s):  
Mental Accounting ◽  
Diary Study ◽  
Social Category ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
Perceived Utility ◽  
Hypothetical Scenario ◽  
Helping Others ◽  
Scenario Study

Three studies examine whether individuals might use mental accounting heuristics in helping decisions, budgeting their prosocial effort in similar ways to how money is budgeted. In a hypothetical scenario study ( N = 283), participants who imagined that they previously helped someone of a specific social category (e.g., “family,” “colleagues”) were less willing to help someone of that category again. Similarly, when reporting actual instances of day-to-day help in a diary study ( N = 443), having helped more than usual in a social category yesterday was associated with less effort and less time spent on helping in the same category today. In contrast, helping more than usual in other social categories did not reduce helping today. Finally, a scenario study ( N = 489) suggested that the mental accounting effect in helping decisions may, in part, be explained by perceived utility of help (helping others in the same social category is seen as less rewarding).

When Death Is Compelling

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 352-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Schindler ◽  
Marc-André Reinhard
Keyword(s):  
Terror Management Theory ◽  
Mortality Salience ◽  
Terror Management ◽  
Management Theory ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Norms And Values ◽  
Hypothetical Scenario ◽  
The Face ◽  
Scenario Study ◽  
Norm Of Reciprocity

Abstract. Research on terror management theory has found evidence that people under mortality salience strive to live up to activated social norms and values. Recently, research has shown that mortality salience also increases adherence to the norm of reciprocity. Based on this, in the current paper we investigated the idea that mortality salience influences persuasion strategies that are based on the norm of reciprocity. We therefore assume that mortality salience should enhance compliance for a request when using the door-in-the-face technique – a persuasion strategy grounded in the norm of reciprocity. In a hypothetical scenario (Study 1), and in a field experiment (Study 2), applying the door-in-the-face technique enhanced compliance in the mortality salience condition compared to a control group.

scholarly journals Reducing Social Judgment Biases May Require Identifying the Potential Source of Bias

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 1232-1251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan R. Axt ◽  
Grace Casola ◽  
Brian A. Nosek
Keyword(s):  
Social Judgment ◽  
Bias Reduction ◽  
Social Category ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
Zero Bias ◽  
Social Bias ◽  
Total N ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Judgment Biases ◽  
Social Biases

Social judgment is shaped by multiple biases operating simultaneously, but most bias-reduction interventions target only a single social category. In seven preregistered studies (total N > 7,000), we investigated whether asking participants to avoid one social bias affected that and other social biases. Participants selected honor society applicants based on academic credentials. Applicants also differed on social categories irrelevant for selection: attractiveness and ingroup status. Participants asked to avoid potential bias in one social category showed small but reliable reductions in bias for that category ( r = .095), but showed near-zero bias reduction on the unmentioned social category ( r = .006). Asking participants to avoid many possible social biases or alerting them to bias without specifically identifying a category did not consistently reduce bias. The effectiveness of interventions for reducing social biases may be highly specific, perhaps even contingent on explicitly and narrowly identifying the potential source of bias.

scholarly journals Reducing social judgment biases may require identifying the potential source of bias

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan Axt ◽  
Grace Casola ◽  
Brian A. Nosek
Keyword(s):  
Social Judgment ◽  
Bias Reduction ◽  
Social Category ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
Zero Bias ◽  
Social Bias ◽  
Total N ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Judgment Biases ◽  
Social Biases

Social judgment is shaped by multiple biases operating simultaneously, but most bias-reduction interventions target only a single social category. In seven pre-registered studies (Total N > 7,000), we investigated whether asking participants to avoid one social bias impacted that and other social biases. Participants selected honor society applicants based on academic credentials. Applicants also differed on social categories irrelevant for selection: attractiveness and ingroup status. Participants asked to avoid potential bias in one social category showed small but reliable reductions in bias for that category (r = .095), but showed near zero bias reduction on the unmentioned social category (r = .006). Asking participants to avoid many possible social biases or alerting them to bias without specifically identifying a category did not consistently reduce bias. The effectiveness of interventions for reducing social biases may be highly specific, perhaps even contingent on explicitly and narrowly identifying the potential source of bias.

scholarly journals Feminist approach to geriatric care: comprehensive geriatric assessment, diversity and intersectionality

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merle Weßel
Keyword(s):  
Standardized Testing ◽  
Geriatric Assessment ◽  
Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment ◽  
Older Patients ◽  
Geriatric Medicine ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Social Category ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
The Social

AbstractDespite being a collection of holistic assessment tools, the comprehensive geriatric assessment primarily focuses on the social category of age during the assessment and disregards for example gender. This article critically reviews the standardized testing process of the comprehensive geriatric assessment in regard to diversity-sensitivity. I show that the focus on age as social category during the assessment process might potentially hinder positive outcomes for people with diverse backgrounds of older patients in relation to other social categories, such as race, gender or socio-economic background and their influence on the health of the patient as well as the assessment and its outcomes. I suggest that the feminist perspective of intersectionality with its multicategorical approach can enhance the diversity-sensitivity of the comprehensive geriatric assessment, and thus improve the treatment of older patients and their quality of life. By suggesting an intersectional-based approach, this article contributes to debates about justice and diversity in medical philosophy and advocates for the normative value of diversity in geriatric medicine.

The Price of Equality: Suboptimal Resource Allocations across Social Categories

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen M. Garcia ◽  
Max H. Bazerman ◽  
Shirli Kopelman ◽  
Avishalom Tor ◽  
Dale T. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Category ◽  
Resource Allocations ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
Equal Distribution ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Distribution Of Resources ◽  
Profit Maximizing ◽  
Decision Making Biases

AbstractThis paper explores the influence of social categories on the perceived trade-off between a relatively bad but equal distribution of resources between two parties and a profit maximizing yet unequal one. Studies 1 and 2 showed that people prefer to maximize profits when interacting within their social category, but chose not to maximize individual and joint profits when interacting across social categories. Study 3 demonstrated that outside observers, who were not members of the focal social categories, also were less likely to maximize profits when resources were distributed across social category lines. Study 4 showed that the transaction utility of maximizing profits required greater compensation when resources were distributed across, in contrast to within social categories. We discuss the ethical implications of these decision making biases in the context of organizations.

Features of the Social Status of the Rayats in the Kaitag Domain of Dagestan in the Middle of the 19th Century

2020 ◽  
pp. 45-49
Author(s):  
T.Ch. Dzhabaeva
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Category ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
Archival Material ◽  
The Social ◽  
Legal Position ◽  
Different Origins ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article considers the dependent social categories of the population that existed in the mountainous possessions of Middle and Southern Dagestan in the middle of the 19th century, but occupied an unequal property and legal position in the system of productive forces. This was a consequence of their different origins and features of natural and geographical conditions. Even within individual feudal domains, the rayats of different villages served different duties. The range and volume of duties of the rayats to their feudal lords was quite extensive and voluminous. This was especially evident in the Kaitag domain of Dagestan, where their position in terms of exploitation brought them closer to the serfs of Russia. However, with all the duties performed by the rayats in relation to the becks, they could not be called serfs. The article examines the categories of the dependent class of rayats in the Lower Kaitag, the sources of their formation, and various levels of feudal dependence. On the basis of archival material, all types of duties of the Lower Kaitag rayats are analyzed, however, despite their severity, there are signs of a lack of complete enslavement of this social category.

Attitudes and Social Categories: Complementary Explanations of Innovation-Adoption Behavior

1980 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
M A Brown
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Innovation Adoption ◽  
Comprehensive Model ◽  
Social Category ◽  
Behavioral Models ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
Common Variance ◽  
Agricultural Innovations ◽  
Real World Situation ◽  
Appalachian Ohio

This paper explores the relationships between an individual's attitudes toward innovation adoption, his or her social category with respect to adoption, and innovation-adoption behavior. First the paper describes how attitudes and social categories can theoretically be linked to innovation adoption, and proposes a comprehensive model in which the two sets of variables are viewed as explaining both unique and common variance in adoption behavior. The paper then empirically examines the intercorrelations of attitudes, social categories, and innovation adoption in a real-world situation: The diffusion of five agricultural innovations in a portion of Appalachian Ohio. The results indicate that some attitudes are significantly related to social categories, whereas others are not; both sets of variables are highly associated with innovation adoption, but attitudes more so than social categories; finally, each set of variables explains some unique aspects of innovation adoption. Thus the findings suggest that comprehensive behavioral models must include psychological as well as socioeconomic and locational variables.

Opposite Aftereffects for Chinese and Caucasian Faces are Selective for Social Category Information and not Just Physical Face Differences

2007 ◽  
Vol 60 (11) ◽  
pp. 1457-1467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Jaquet ◽  
Gillian Rhodes ◽  
William G. Hayward
Keyword(s):  
Physical Distance ◽  
Social Category ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
Visual Coding ◽  
Category Information ◽  
The Social ◽  
Face Stimuli ◽  
High Level ◽  
Race Category

Opposite changes in perception (aftereffects) can be simultaneously induced for faces from different social categories—for example, Chinese and Caucasian faces. We investigated whether these aftereffects are generated in high-level face coding that is sensitive to the social category information in faces, or in earlier visual coding sensitive to simple physical differences between faces. We caricatured the race of face stimuli and created face continua ranging from caricatured Caucasian faces (SuperCaucasian) to caricatured Chinese faces (SuperChinese). Participants were adapted to oppositely distorted faces that were a fixed physical distance apart on the morph continua. Larger opposite aftereffects were found following adaptation to faces from different race categories (e.g., contracted Chinese and expanded Caucasian faces), than for faces that were the same physical distance apart on the morph continua, but were within a race category (e.g., contracted SuperChinese and expanded Chinese faces). These results suggest that opposite aftereffects for Chinese and Caucasian faces reflect the recalibration of face neurons tuned to high-level social category information.

scholarly journals Wartości i klasy społeczne

Etyka ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 93-121
Author(s):  
Piotr Buczkowski ◽  
Leszek Nowak
Keyword(s):  
Historical Materialism ◽  
Precise Determination ◽  
Social Category ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
States Of Affairs ◽  
The Family ◽  
Secondary Classes ◽  
Definition Of

Marxist axiology presupposes the theory of historical materialism: this article is concerned with an adaptive interpretation of the latter. Its concern is reflected in the proposed definition of value: value is the family of classes of states of affairs identified by the relation of preference of an ideal social subject (who represents a certain social category). The article presents the hierarchy of social categories based on the adaptive interpretation of historical materialism: primary classes, secondary classes (comprising, so called, class fractions) strata, etc. In the course of argumentation the aforementioned definition of value becomes more and more realistic and permits ever more precise determination of values accepted in a society.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Ásta
Keyword(s):  
Social Category ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
The Social ◽  
Do So ◽  
Analytic Metaphysics

The author introduces the project and methodology of the book, which is to give a metaphysics of social categories from a feminist analytic metaphysics perspective. To engage in such a project is to address the question what a social category is and how it is created and sustained. The author discusses her strategy in giving a metaphysics of social categories and explains what it is to do so as a feminist. The author’s strategy in giving a metaphysics of social categories is to give a theory of the social properties of individuals that define the categories. To engage in such a project as a feminist is to take oneself to be accountable in one’s theorizing to feminists and their allies engaged in other liberatory projects.

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