scholarly journals Individual differences in the effects of priors: a multi-paradigm approach

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kadi Tulver ◽  
Jaan Aru ◽  
Renate Rutiku ◽  
Talis Bachmann
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Common Factor ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Representational Momentum ◽  
Clinical Population ◽  
Pairwise Correlations ◽  
The Face ◽  
Behavioural Performance ◽  
The Individual

The present study investigated individual differences in how much subjects rely on prior information, such as expectations or knowledge, when faced with perceptual ambiguity. The behavioural performance of forty-four participants was measured on four different visual paradigms (Mooney face recognition, illusory contours, blur detection and representational momentum) in which priors have been shown to affect perception. In addition, questionnaires were used to measure autistic and schizotypal traits in the non-clinical population. We hypothesized that someone who in the face of ambiguous or noisy perceptual input relies heavily on priors, would exhibit this tendency across a variety of tasks. This general pattern would then be reflected in high pairwise correlations between the behavioural measures and an emerging common factor. On the contrary, our results imply that there is no single factor that explains the individual differences present in the aforementioned tasks, as further evidenced by the overall lack of robust correlations between the separate paradigms. Instead, a two-factor structure reflecting differences in the hierarchy of perceptual processing was the best fit for explaining the individual variance in these tasks. This lends support to the notion that mechanisms underlying the effects of priors likely originate from several independent sources and that it is important to consider the role of specific tasks and stimuli more carefully when reporting effects of priors on perception.

scholarly journals Individual differences in the effects of priors on perception: a multi-paradigm approach

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kadi Tulver ◽  
Jaan Aru ◽  
Renate Rutiku ◽  
Talis Bachmann
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Common Factor ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Representational Momentum ◽  
Clinical Population ◽  
Pairwise Correlations ◽  
The Face ◽  
Behavioural Performance ◽  
The Individual

AbstractThe present study investigated individual differences in how much subjects rely on prior information, such as expectations or knowledge, when faced with perceptual ambiguity. The behavioural performance of forty-four participants was measured on four different visual paradigms (Mooney face recognition, illusory contours, blur detection and representational momentum) in which priors have been shown to affect perception. In addition, questionnaires were used to measure autistic and schizotypal traits in the non-clinical population. We hypothesized that someone who in the face of ambiguous or noisy perceptual input relies heavily on priors, would exhibit this tendency across a variety of tasks. This general pattern would then be reflected in high pairwise correlations between the behavioural measures and an emerging common factor. On the contrary, our results imply that there is no single factor that explains the individual differences present in the aforementioned tasks, as further evidenced by the overall lack of robust correlations between the separate paradigms. Instead, a two-factor structure reflecting differences in the hierarchy of perceptual processing was the best fit for explaining the individual variance in these tasks. This lends support to the notion that mechanisms underlying the effects of priors likely originate from several independent sources and that it is important to consider the role of specific tasks and stimuli more carefully when reporting effects of priors on perception.

scholarly journals Individual Differences in the Vocal Communication of Malayan Tapirs (Tapirus indicus) Considering Familiarity and Relatedness

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1026
Author(s):  
Robin Walb ◽  
Lorenzo von Fersen ◽  
Theo Meijer ◽  
Kurt Hammerschmidt
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Vocal Communication ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Animal Communication ◽  
Solitary Living ◽  
Low Visibility ◽  
Living Species ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Tapirus Indicus

Studies in animal communication have shown that many species have individual distinct calls. These individual distinct vocalizations can play an important role in animal communication because they can carry important information about the age, sex, personality, or social role of the signaler. Although we have good knowledge regarding the importance of individual vocalization in social living mammals, it is less clear to what extent solitary living mammals possess individual distinct vocalizations. We recorded and analyzed the vocalizations of 14 captive adult Malayan tapirs (Tapirus indicus) (six females and eight males) to answer this question. We investigated whether familiarity or relatedness had an influence on call similarity. In addition to sex-related differences, we found significant differences between all subjects, comparable to the individual differences found in highly social living species. Surprisingly, kinship appeared to have no influence on call similarity, whereas familiar subjects exhibited significantly higher similarity in their harmonic calls compared to unfamiliar or related subjects. The results support the view that solitary animals could have individual distinct calls, like highly social animals. Therefore, it is likely that non-social factors, like low visibility, could have an influence on call individuality. The increasing knowledge of their behavior will help to protect this endangered species.

scholarly journals An International Survey of Face-Matching Training

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reuben Moreton ◽  
Ailsa Strathie ◽  
Catriona Havard ◽  
Graham Pike
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
International Survey ◽  
Delivery Methods ◽  
Face Matching ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Level ◽  
Level Training

Face matching decisions in applied settings, such as policing, forensics and immigration services, are typically carried out by two types of professionals; facial reviewers and facial examiners. Studies have demonstrated large individual differences in the face matching accuracy of both facial reviewers and examiners. Whether variances in training between agencies could be in part responsible for these individual differences is not currently known. Despite the existence of high-level training guidelines produced by the practitioner community the content, duration and delivery of face matching training is not widely understood in the academic research community. The current study aimed to address this gap in the scientific literature and to better understand how different agencies train facial reviewers and facial examiners, using results collected from an international survey. At the group level facial examiners received longer durations of training, covering more topics and with greater inclusion of mentoring than facial reviewers. However, the survey revealed large differences in the duration, delivery methods and content of training by individual agencies at both the facial review and facial examiner level and low inclusion of evidence-based training practices. These results should help researchers to better understand the diversity in training practices and durations of training between different agencies and may help explain the individual differences observed in the performance of face matching professionals in the literature.

scholarly journals The Impact of a Stranger’s Emotional Facial Expression on the Perception of His Personality

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 23-42
Author(s):  
V.A. Barabanschikov ◽  
A.V. Zhegallo ◽  
Y.N. Smolny ◽  
M.M. Marinova
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Interpersonal Perception ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Basic Emotions ◽  
Activity Factor ◽  
The Face ◽  
Basic Expression ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

This study the role of emotional expressions of the sitter’s face in the perception of his personality traits. The scores given by observers on the scales of the “Personality Differential” for images of a calm face and the face of the same sitter, demonstrating six basic emotions, were compared. Forty-nine photographic images of the emotional states of seven sitters included in the RaFD database were used as stimulus material. A total of 193 Moscow university students (66 men and 127 women, mean age 23.3 years) participated in the experiment. A 17% statistically significant change in personality scores was recorded, two-thirds of which tended toward the positive poles of the scales. Changing perceptions of a person’s personality suggests a coherent relationship between emotion modality and personality traits. Each basic expression influences a specific group of 10-15 traits, and in different ways. Each trait relies on an affective configuration with its own specificity. Disgust has the maximum integrative influence on the view of the sitter’s personality. Joy causes extremely high positive changes, while sadness and astonishment cause moderate, symmetrical changes in the ratio of positive and negative shifts. Fear and anger lead to an equilibrium of positive and negative evaluations. The highest volume of trait changes is obtained for the “Activity” factor (A), which is associated mainly with positive shifts, the lowest volume is for the “Evaluation” factor (E), which is, together with the “Strength” factor (S), the main source of negative changes in the sitters’ perception. The volume of affective feature shifts is determined by the morphotype of the face and the individual stylistics of emotion expression. In everyday life, the possibility of affective changes in traits does not violate the general invariance of interpersonal perception.

scholarly journals Do you see the “face”? Individual differences in face pareidolia

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liu-Fang Zhou ◽  
Ming Meng
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Face Perception ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Developmental Factors ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Brain

Abstract People tend to see faces from non-face objects or meaningless patterns. Such illusory face perception is called face pareidolia. Previous studies have revealed an interesting fact that there are huge individual differences in face pareidolia experience among the population. Here, we review previous findings on individual differences in face pareidolia experience from four categories: sex differences, developmental factors, personality traits and neurodevelopmental factors. We further discuss underlying cognitive or neural mechanisms to explain why some perceive the objects as faces while others do not. The individual differences in face pareidolia could not only offer scientific insights on how the brain works to process face information, but also suggest potential clinical applications.

Shiftwork and Performance

1979 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
SIMON FOLKARD ◽  
TIMOTHY H. MONK
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Task Type ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Descriptive Model ◽  
Shift Performance ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Individual

The recent increase in the incidence of shiftwork has been accompanied by a change in the type of task typically performed by the shiftworker. The technological advances which have produced both these effects have meant that the shiftworker is more likely to be engaged in cognitive, mentally taxing tasks than the predominantly perceptual-motor ones typical of earlier times. Contemporary research on time of day effects in performance efficiency has indicated that these task changes may be crucially important in determining on-shift performance, and hence the choice of the individual and shift system that is most suitable. Evidence is reviewed on task demands, the effects of different shift systems, and the role of individual differences. A descriptive model is proposed in which on-shift performance is seen to be dependent on the type of task, type of shift system, and type of person, with the three factors interacting via the worker's various circadian rhythms.

The Political Cultures of the contado

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Gamberini
Keyword(s):  
Political Culture ◽  
Social Group ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Cultures ◽  
The Face ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Culture Of Violence

This chapter analyses power relations in the countryside, focusing on the relationships between the lords of the castle and the dependent peasants. The aim is twofold: on the one hand, to highlight the absence of a shared political culture and, on the other, to describe the individual ideas of each social group (the culture of violence promulgated by the lords, the attempt to establish pacts on the part of the peasants, the role of conflict in implementing political ties, etc.). In the face of such divergence, the chapter investigates the ways in which opposing political cultures could coexist and interact.

Comorbidity of substance abuse and schizophrenia: the role of pre-morbid adjustment

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 379-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Arndt ◽  
Gary Tyrrell ◽  
Michael Flaum ◽  
Nancy C. Andreasen
Keyword(s):  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Common Factor ◽  
Clinical History ◽  
Psychotic Illness ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Subsequent Onset

SYNOPSISCo-morbid substance use and abuse is common in schizophrenic patients, and the role of substance abuse in initiating and maintaining psychosis has important definitional and aetiological implications. We investigated the issue in a cohort of 131 schizophrenic patients. We found non-users (N = 67) were similar to pathological users (N = 64) in current symptomatology and clinical history. The pathological users did, however, have better pre-morbid adjustment levels. Only alcohol use and to some extent cannabis use contributed to this effect; use of stimulants or hallucinogens did not. These results indicate the importance of evaluating the various types of substance used when attempting to explore the significance of co-morbidity. The results also suggest that co-morbidity of substance abuse and schizophrenia may be explained by a common factor antecedent to both: better pre-morbid adjustment. A two-stage model is proposed to explain these findings: increased sociability increases exposure to opportunities of substance use in a subset of patients; subsequent onset of psychotic illness accelerates the use to a pathological level as the individual attempts to cope with the stress of the developing mental illness.

Looking in the eyes to discriminate

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jantina Bolhuis ◽  
Thorsten Kolling ◽  
Monika Knopf
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Cues ◽  
Facial Features ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Familiar Face ◽  
Facial Stimuli ◽  
The Face ◽  
Direct Linkage ◽  
Subsequent Discrimination

Studies showed that individual differences in encoding speed as well as looking behaviour during the encoding of facial stimuli can relate to differences in subsequent face discrimination. Nevertheless, a direct linkage between encoding speed and looking behaviour during the encoding of facial stimuli and the role of these encoding characteristics for subsequent discrimination has not been investigated yet. In the present habituation study, an eye-tracker was used to investigate how individual differences in encoding speed (number of habituation trials) relate to individual differences in looking behaviour on faces and the internal facial features (eyes, nose, and mouth) during encoding as well as discrimination. Forty infants habituated to a photograph of a female face. In a subsequent dishabituation phase, a new face was followed by the familiar one. As expected, the results showed that most of the infants were able to habituate to the face and that they managed to discriminate between the new and the familiar face. Furthermore, correlations and analyses of variance showed that individual differences in encoding during habituation related to differences in looking behaviour during habituation as well as dishabituation. Slower-habituating infants could better discriminate between the new and the familiar face and showed a higher interest in the eyes during habituation as well as dishabituation than faster-habituating infants. These data underline that individual differences in encoding speed relate to individual differences in looking behaviour and that increased looking behaviour to important social cues might help subsequent discrimination.

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