Effects of Pinyin and Script Type on Verbal Processing: Comparisons of China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong Experience

1991 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 429-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
May Jane Chen ◽  
Joseph Chak-Kau Yuen
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chinese Script ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Verbal Processing ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Similarity Judgement ◽  
Better Than

Children in the People's Republic of China (PRC) learn to read Chinese using a simplified script by pinyin, an alphabetic system. Taiwanese children learn Chinese using traditional characters and pinyin, Hong Kong children also learn Chinese with traditional characters, but without pinyin. The effects of these experiences were assessed by comparing children's performance on three tasks relevant to verbal processing. This study involved groups of children from each of the three places, China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. Three tasks were used: pseudohomophone naming, similarity judgement, and lexical decision. The results showed that the PRC children and Taiwanese children performed better than the Hong Kong children in the naming of pseudohomophones. In the similarity judgement task, the children were required to choose between two response words, one of which was similar to the target word in pronunciation and the other in appearance. The PRC children tended to choose the visually similar reponse words more often than did the Taiwanese and Hong Kong children. In the lexical decision task, the PRC children were far less accurate than the other children in rejecting nonwords as real words. These results suggest that pinyin training helps readers pronounce unfamiliar words by facilitating the extraction of phonological information for pronunciation and that the PRC children's experience in learning the simplified Chinese script has made them more responsive to visual information but less precise in word recognition.

Priming Effects of Violence on Infrahumanization

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 699-714 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naira Delgado ◽  
Armando Rodríguez-Pérez ◽  
Jeroen Vaes ◽  
Jacques-Philippe Leyens ◽  
Verónica Betancor
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Lexical Decision Task ◽  
The Other ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Human Suffering ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Contextual Dependency ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Effects Of Violence

Two experiments examine whether exposure to generic violence can display infrahumanization towards out-groups. In Study 1, participants had to solve a lexical decision task after viewing animal or human violent scenes. In Study 2, participants were exposed to either human violent or human suffering pictures before doing a lexical decision task. In both studies, the infrahumanization bias appeared after viewing the human violent pictures but not in the other experimental conditions. These two experiments support the idea of contextual dependency of infrahumanization, and suggest that violence can prime an infrahuman perception of the out-group. Theoretical implications for infrahumanization and potential underlying mechanisms are discussed.

scholarly journals Semantic Code Deficit for Reading Disabled Children on an Auditory Lexical Decision Task

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven G. Zecker ◽  
Tanya E. Zinner
Keyword(s):  
Full Range ◽  
The Other ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Disabled Children ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Verbal Processing ◽  
Semantic Cues ◽  
Auditory Lexical Decision ◽  
Lexical Decisions ◽  
Disabled Readers

Disabled and normal readers made lexical decisions to orally presented pairs of letter strings. Half of the word-word pairs were semantically related while the other half of the pairs were semantically unrelated. A significant group by relatedness interaction was observed; disabled readers showed a nonsignificant relatedness effect and normal readers showed a significant relatedness effect. Results suggest that disabled readers have difficulty in making available the full range of semantic cues when processing stimuli in an acoustic form, supporting a verbal-processing deficit hypothesis of reading disability.

Reunification through Water and Food: The Other Battle for Lives and Bodies in China's Hong Kong Policy

2014 ◽  
Vol 220 ◽  
pp. 1012-1032 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siu-Keung Cheung
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hong Kong Chinese ◽  
Chinese People ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The People ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Hearts And Minds

AbstractThe People's Republic of China failed to win the hearts and minds of the Hong Kong Chinese people before its resumption of the city's sovereignty on 1 July 1997. This article attempts to account for this contradiction in China's pursuit of reunification. By shifting the focus to the alternative battle to control the lives and bodies of the local population, this article demonstrates how China exploited its water and food supplies to the colony in order to control Hong Kong before and after 1997. The study pinpoints the bio-political measures used by China to secure Chinese sovereignty over Hong Kong. It concludes with an analysis of the current situation in Hong Kong and the implications of China's control of water and food supplies for the relations between the ruling state and the people of Hong Kong.

scholarly journals Experimental Study on A Two-string Lexical Decision Task: Non-words and Words

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Shuyu Zhang ◽  
Sihong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Lexical Decision Task ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
The Other ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Research School ◽  
National University ◽  
The One

<p class="0abstract"><strong>Abstract—</strong>This paper introduces the general purposes, hypotheses and designs of the lexical decision task and compares the results of several existing studies. Based on previous studies, three hypotheses are proposed. Then, it illustrates a two-lexical decision task designed and completed by the Research School of Psychology, Australian National University. In comparison with traditional lexical decision task, the two-string lexical decision task further tests participants’ response time to non-words and words. The results of the current two-string lexical decision task experiment verify the validity of previous studies on the one hand, while on the other hand, do not fully support the statement that participants would make faster responses to unrelated words than unrelated non-words. The findings of the current study directly provide cognitive processes for English lexical differentiation and learning, which could give hints to English lexical teaching and acquisition.</p>

scholarly journals Task-domain and hemisphere-asymmetry effects in cisgender and transmale individuals

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0260542
Author(s):  
E. Darcy Burgund
Keyword(s):  
Gender Identity ◽  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Mental Rotation ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Brain Organization ◽  
Asymmetry Effects ◽  
Intelligence Scores ◽  
Hemisphere Asymmetry ◽  
Better Than

The present research examined the extent to which transmale individuals’ functional brain organization resembles that of their assigned sex or gender identity. Cisgender-female, cisgender-male, and transmale participants, who were assigned female sex but did not have a female gender identity, were compared in terms of effects that have been observed in cisgender individuals: task-domain effects, in which males perform better than females on spatial tasks and females perform better than males on verbal tasks; and hemisphere-asymmetry effects, in which males show larger differences between the left and right hemispheres than females. In addition, the present research measured participants’ intelligence in order to control for potential moderating effects. Participants performed spatial (mental rotation) and verbal (lexical decision) tasks presented to each hemisphere using a divided-visual field paradigm, and then completed an intelligence assessment. In the mental-rotation task, cismale and transmale participants performed better than cisfemale participants, however this group difference was explained by intelligence scores, with higher scores predicting better performance. In the lexical-decision task, cismale and transmale participants exhibited a greater left-hemisphere advantage than cisfemales, and this difference was not affected by intelligence scores. Taken together, results do not support task-domain effects when intelligence is accounted for; however, they do demonstrate a hemisphere-asymmetry effect in the verbal domain that is moderated by gender identity and not assigned sex.

scholarly journals Can children with speech difficulties process an unfamiliar accent?

2001 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
LIZ NATHAN ◽  
BILL WELLS
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Lexical Decision Task ◽  
Phonological Processing ◽  
Auditory Processing ◽  
The Other ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Input Processing ◽  
Auditory Lexical Decision ◽  
Lexical Decisions

This study explores the hypothesis that children identified as having phonological processing problems may have particular difficulty in processing a different accent. Children with speech difficulties (n = 18) were compared with matched controls on four measures of auditory processing. First, an accent auditory lexical decision task was administered. In one condition, the children made lexical decisions about stimuli presented in their own accent (London). In the second condition, the stimuli were spoken in an unfamiliar accent (Glaswegian). The results showed that the children with speech difficulties had a specific deficit on the unfamiliar accent. Performance on the other auditory discrimination tasks revealed additional deficits at lower levels of input processing. The wider clinical implications of the findings are considered.

Teaching International Law in Jurisdictions with International Law Crisis

ICL Journal ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-280
Author(s):  
Noam Zamir ◽  
Mark D Kielsgard
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
International Law ◽  
World Economy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Public International Law ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Practical Experiences ◽  
The One ◽  
Globalized World

AbstractThe normally challenging task of teaching international law is amplified when teaching international law in jurisdictions that face ongoing human rights problems and other failures of compliance with international law. In those jurisdictions, the dialectics between the globalized world economy and technology on the one hand and the intensification of hostility to human rights and substantive democracies (ie to the values of public international law) on the other hand are much more pronounced. Students will often resist international law and regard it as the ‘enemy of the state’ or a source of illegitimate foreign influence. The challenge of international law teachers in those jurisdictions is thus not only to teach international law but also to draw the students into – rather than alienate them from – thinking about their resistance to international law and about the relations between law, power and legitimacy. How to meet this and related challenges is the focus of this paper, which is based on the authors’ practical experiences of teaching international law in several jurisdictions with an international law crisis including Hong Kong, Israel, and the People’s Republic of China.

Review of Scydmaenus species of continental China described by Herbert Franz (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4952 (2) ◽  
pp. 354-368
Author(s):  
PAWEŁ JAŁOSZYŃSKI
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Incomplete Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Type Material ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
New Material ◽  
Annotated Checklist

Most species of Scydmaenus Latreille described by Herbert Franz are impossible to identify without re-examination of the type material. The Chinese fauna is no exception and it is easy to find specimens whose aedeagi resemble those illustrated by Franz, but the only way to identify them is to directly compare new material with types. On the other hand, the aedeagi of type specimens often look slightly or even strongly different from those illustrated in original descriptions, which increases the confusion. Six species of Scydmaenus described by Franz and occurring in continental China are here redescribed, and the aedeagi of holotypes are illustrated in detail: S. chinensis, S. fukiensis, S. kunmingensis, S. sinensis, S. szechuanensis, and S. kiautunensis. The first five species are confirmed to belong in the nominotypical subgenus; S. kiautunensis is transferred from Scydmaenus (s. str.) to the subgenus Nepaloscydmaenus Franz. As previous checklists of Palaearctic or Eastern Asian Scydmaeninae contain incomplete data, an updated and annotated checklist of Scydmaenus species so far recorded from the People’s Republic of China, Taiwan and Hong Kong is given, with comments on possible misidentifications, possible synonymies and distributional issues. 

Effects of the relationships between forms within and across paradigms on lexical processing and representation

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-310
Author(s):  
Jeff Parker
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Lexical Decision Task ◽  
Lexical Access ◽  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Theoretical Studies ◽  
Priming Task ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Visual Lexical Decision

Abstract The frequency and distribution of forms within a lexeme’s paradigm affect how quickly forms are accessed (e.g., Kostić, 1991; Milin, Filipović Đurđević, & Moscoso del Prado Martín, 2009; Moscoso del Prado Martı́n, Kostić, & Baayen, 2004). The distribution of forms across paradigms, in contrast, has received little experimental attention. Theoretical studies investigate the distribution of forms across paradigms because forms vary in how predictive they are of other (unknown) forms. Such investigations have uncovered typological tendencies (e.g., Ackerman & Malouf, 2013; Stump & Finkel, 2013) and contribute to explanations of language-specific phenomena (e.g., Sims, 2015; Parker & Sims, To appear). The intersection of these research approaches raises questions about how the distribution of forms within and across paradigms affects lexical access and representation. Based on forms of Russian nouns representing two morphosyntactic property sets and lexemes from three inflection classes, it is shown that speakers are sensitive to differences in form and morphosyntactic property set in a visual lexical decision task. In a priming task, nominative forms prime locative forms better than vice versa regardless of suffix, despite differences between the same forms in the lexical decision task. These results suggest that speakers make generalizations about forms across classes, including at the level of word forms and morphosyntactic property sets.

Segmented binaural presentation as a means to examine lexical substructure

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-457
Author(s):  
Laura Teddiman ◽  
Gary Libben
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Lexical Decision Task ◽  
Dichotic Listening ◽  
The Other ◽  
Auditory Presentation ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Audio File

We present an auditory presentation technique called segmented binaural presentation. The technique builds on the dichotic listening paradigm (Shankweiler & Studdert-Kennedy, 1967; Studdert-Kennedy & Shankweiler, 1970) and segmented lexical presentation (Libben, 2003; Betram, Kuperman, Baayen, & Hyönä, 2011). The technique allows the first part of a word to be presented to one ear and the second part of the word to be presented to the other ear. The experimenter may thus manipulate whether a stimulus is segmented in this binaural manner and, if it is segmented, the location of the binaural segmentation within the word. We discuss how the technique may be implemented on the Macintosh platform, using PsyScope and freely available software for audio file creation. We also report on a test implementation of the technique using suffixed and compound English words in a lexical decision task. Results suggest that the technique differentiates between segmentation that occurs within and between compound constituents.

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