Spouses’ Employment Situations and Marital Separation in Germany: A Dyadic Perspective

Journal of Family Issues ◽

10.1177/0192513x21993853 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 0192513X2199385

Author(s):

Lisa Schmid

Keyword(s):

Relative Income ◽

Job Characteristics ◽

Marital Stability ◽

Event History ◽

Marital Separation ◽

Individual Level ◽

Employment Situation ◽

Broad Variety ◽

The Stability ◽

The Individual

Previous research shows that men’s and women’s employment situations can affect the stability of marital unions, but results differ by country context and different measurements. This study models the effect of spouses’ employment situations on the risk of divorce. It focuses on time aspects and financial aspects, resulting from the employment situation of married spouses in Germany. A broad variety of employment indicators measured in a dyadic perspective lead to an array of hypotheses about marital stability. Event history models on the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) data show mixed evidence for spouses’ permanency of the job and their relative income. Marriages of couples with higher income are more stable. In addition, the spouses’ employment situation does not seem to affect marital stability. The study shows that the precarious job characteristics, which can destabilize marriages in analysis at the individual level, become blurred in analyzing dyads in a 1.5-earner society.

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Do facial first impressions reflect a shared social reality?

10.31234/osf.io/um57j ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Clare Sutherland ◽

Gillian Rhodes ◽

Nichola Burton ◽

Andrew Young

Keyword(s):

Case Series ◽

Social Reality ◽

Observer Agreement ◽

Three Dimensions ◽

First Impressions ◽

Dimensional Approach ◽

Individual Level ◽

Common Structure ◽

The Stability ◽

The Individual

Influential facial impression models have repeatedly shown that trustworthiness, youthful-attractiveness and dominance dimensions subserve a wide variety of first impressions formed from strangers’ faces, suggestive of a shared social reality. However, these models are built from impressions aggregated across observers. Critically, recent work has now shown that inter-observer agreement in facial impressions is less than perfect, raising the important question of whether these dimensional models are meaningful at the individual-observer level. We addressed this question using a novel case series approach, building individual models of facial impressions for different observers. Strikingly, three dimensions of trustworthiness, youthful/attractiveness and competence/dominance appeared across the majority of individual observer models, demonstrating that the dimensional approach is indeed meaningful at the individual level. Nonetheless, we also found striking differences in the stability of the competence/dominance dimension across observers. Taken together, results suggest that individual differences in impressions arise in the context of a largely common structure that supports a shared social reality.

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Partisan Orientations over the Long Haul: Results from the Three-Wave Political Socialization Panel Study

American Political Science Review ◽

10.2307/1955804 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 78 (4) ◽

pp. 1000-1018 ◽

Cited By ~ 156

Author(s):

M. Kent Jennings ◽

Gregory B. Markus

Keyword(s):

Voting Behavior ◽

Panel Study ◽

Individual Level ◽

Consistent Reinforcement ◽

Generational Effects ◽

School Senior ◽

The Stability ◽

The Individual ◽

Voting Choice ◽

The Relationship

The present study examines the dynamics of partisanship and voting behavior by utilizing national survey panel data gathered in 1965, 1973, and 1982 from two strategically situated generations—members of the high school senior class of 1965 and their parents. At the aggregate level, generational effects appeared in the persistently weaker partisan attachments of the younger generation. At the individual level, strong effects based on experience and habituation appeared in the remarkable gains occurring in the stability of partisan and other orientations among the young as they aged from their mid-20s to their mid-30s. Dynamic modeling of the relationship between partisanship and voting choice demonstrated that the younger voters had stabilized at an overall weaker level of partisanship, leading to more volatile voting behavior which, in turn, failed to provide the consistent reinforcement needed to intensify preexisting partisan leanings.

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Sub-Lethal Doses of Clothianidin Inhibit the Conditioning and Biosensory Abilities of the Western Honeybee Apis mellifera

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects10100340 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 340 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Bartling ◽

Vilcinskas ◽

Lee

Keyword(s):

Apis Mellifera ◽

Individual Level ◽

Sufficient Detail ◽

Significant Movement ◽

Neonicotinoid Insecticide ◽

The Stability ◽

The Individual ◽

Chemical Pesticides ◽

Lethal Doses

Insects play an important role in the stability of ecosystems by fulfilling key functions such as pollination and nutrient cycling, as well as acting as prey for amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. The global decline of insects is therefore a cause for concern, and the role of chemical pesticides must be examined carefully. The lethal effects of insecticides are well understood, but sub-lethal concentrations have not been studied in sufficient detail. We therefore used the western honeybee Apis mellifera as a model to test the effect of the neonicotinoid insecticide clothianidin on the movement, biosensory abilities and odor-dependent conditioning of insects, titrating from lethal to sub-lethal doses. Bees treated with sub-lethal doses showed no significant movement impairment compared to untreated control bees, but their ability to react to an aversive stimulus was inhibited. These results show that clothianidin is not only highly toxic to honeybees, but can, at lower doses, also disrupt the biosensory capabilities of survivors, probably reducing fitness at the individual level. In our study, sub-lethal doses of clothianidin altered the biosensory abilities of the honeybee; possible consequences at the colony level are discussed.

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Absenteeism in the Indian Industries: Effects and Corrective Measures

COMMERCE TODAY ◽

10.29320/jnpgct.13.1.14 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 (01) ◽

Author(s):

Farhana Jamal

Keyword(s):

Work Environment ◽

Job Characteristics ◽

Financial Impact ◽

Family Issues ◽

Employee Absenteeism ◽

Broad Variety ◽

Worldwide Phenomenon ◽

The Individual ◽

Indian Industries ◽

Selection Of

Employee absenteeism is a worldwide phenomenon which, due to the financial impact on a nation’s economy, is an important subject on the international agenda. In order to provide new insights into employee absenteeism a model with a broad variety of determinants is constructed and tested for Europe as a whole and the individual countries. Based on previous studies, a wide selection of determinants was distinguished and divided into categories such as demographics, health, household and job characteristics Absenteeism is the term generally used to refer to unscheduled employee absences from the workplace. Many causes of absenteeism are legitimate, for example personal illness or family issues, but absenteeism also can often be traced to other factors such as a poor work environment or workers who are not committed to their jobs. If such absences become excessive, they can have a seriously adverse impact on a business’s operations and, ultimately, its profitability. The Labour Department in India defined the absenteeism rate as the total man-shifts lost because of absences as a percentage of the total number of man-shifts scheduled. So for calculation of the rate of the absenteeism we require the number of persons scheduled to work and the number actually present.

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Gaming Opportunities: American Indian Casinos, Cash Transfers, and Income Mobility on the Reservation

AEA Papers and Proceedings ◽

10.1257/pandp.20211014 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 111 ◽

pp. 221-226

Author(s):

Emilia Simeonova ◽

Randall Akee ◽

Maggie R. Jones

Keyword(s):

American Indian ◽

Family Income ◽

Relative Income ◽

Cash Transfers ◽

Indian Gaming ◽

Individual Level ◽

The Individual ◽

Indian Gaming Regulatory Act ◽

The Impact ◽

Over Time

We examine the impact of the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act on the income rank of American Indian (AI) reservation residents. We assemble a panel dataset at the individual level for tax filers residing on AI reservations in 1989. We examine the effect of casino operations and cash distribution payments (from casino revenues) on the income-rank evolution over time. Casino operations provide an unambiguous increase in family income rank for those residing on reservations with an operating casino relative to those on reservations without a casino. The presence of an operating casino increases relative income rank by half a percentage point.

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Implications of Person Fluctuation for the Stability and Validity of Test Scores

Methodology ◽

10.1027/1614-2241.2.4.142 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 142-148 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Pere J. Ferrando

Keyword(s):

Item Response ◽

Test Scores ◽

Temporal Stability ◽

Person Fit ◽

Item Parameters ◽

Individual Trait ◽

The Stability ◽

The Individual ◽

Different Levels ◽

Fluctuation Model

In the IRT person-fluctuation model, the individual trait levels fluctuate within a single test administration whereas the items have fixed locations. This article studies the relations between the person and item parameters of this model and two central properties of item and test scores: temporal stability and external validity. For temporal stability, formulas are derived for predicting and interpreting item response changes in a test-retest situation on the basis of the individual fluctuations. As for validity, formulas are derived for obtaining disattenuated estimates and for predicting changes in validity in groups with different levels of fluctuation. These latter formulas are related to previous research in the person-fit domain. The results obtained and the relations discussed are illustrated with an empirical example.

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Differential Effects of Competence and Morality on Self-Esteem at the Individual and the Collective Level

Social Psychology ◽

10.1027/1864-9335/a000410 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 51 (3) ◽

pp. 183-198

Author(s):

Wiktor Soral ◽

Mirosław Kofta

Keyword(s):

Self Esteem ◽

Differential Effects ◽

Individual Level ◽

The Subject ◽

The Individual

Abstract. The importance of various trait dimensions explaining positive global self-esteem has been the subject of numerous studies. While some have provided support for the importance of agency, others have highlighted the importance of communion. This discrepancy can be explained, if one takes into account that people define and value their self both in individual and in collective terms. Two studies ( N = 367 and N = 263) examined the extent to which competence (an aspect of agency), morality, and sociability (the aspects of communion) promote high self-esteem at the individual and the collective level. In both studies, competence was the strongest predictor of self-esteem at the individual level, whereas morality was the strongest predictor of self-esteem at the collective level.

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Empirical analysis of trait models at the individual level

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e633912013-137 ◽

2004 ◽

Author(s):

James W. Grice

Keyword(s):

Empirical Analysis ◽

Individual Level ◽

The Individual

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Metonymy in Dance: Ballet Bunheads Take a Cognitive Turn

Dance Research ◽

10.3366/drs.2019.0251 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 37 (1) ◽

pp. 18-34

Author(s):

Edward C. Warburton

Keyword(s):

Identity Formation ◽

Cognitive Science ◽

Artistic Development ◽

Individual Level ◽

Figures Of Speech ◽

Self Image ◽

Level I ◽

Dance Educators ◽

The Individual ◽

Metaphor And Metonymy

This essay considers metonymy in dance from the perspective of cognitive science. My goal is to unpack the roles of metaphor and metonymy in dance thought and action: how do they arise, how are they understood, how are they to be explained, and in what ways do they determine a person's doing of dance? The premise of this essay is that language matters at the cultural level and can be determinative at the individual level. I contend that some figures of speech, especially metonymic labels like ‘bunhead’, can not only discourage but dehumanize young dancers, treating them not as subjects who dance but as objects to be danced. The use of metonymy to sort young dancers may undermine the development of healthy self-image, impede strong identity formation, and retard creative-artistic development. The paper concludes with a discussion of the influence of metonymy in dance and implications for dance educators.

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