Teacher Praise and Reprimand: Examining the Generalizability and Dependability of Observational Estimates

2021 ◽  
pp. 019874292110120
Author(s):  
Margaret T. Floress ◽  
Amy M. Briesch ◽  
Lyndsay N. Jenkins ◽  
Kaylee A. Hampton
Keyword(s):  
General Education ◽  
High School Teachers ◽  
Generalizability Theory ◽  
Teacher Behavior ◽  
School Teachers ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Teacher Praise ◽  
Behavior Specific Praise ◽  
General Education Classrooms ◽  
Specific Praise

This study examined the generalizability and dependability of observational estimates of middle and high school teachers’ use of praise and reprimand. Frequency of behavior-specific praise, general praise, and total reprimand were collected across 67, 20-min observations that took place during class-wide instruction in general education classrooms. Generalizability theory was used to determine the number of observations needed to obtain dependable estimates of teacher behavior. Behavior-specific praise rates were consistently low. General praise rates were slightly higher and reprimand rates were notably higher and slightly more variable. Total reprimands had the strongest generalizability results and general praise had the weakest. Behavior-specific praise reached an acceptable level of dependability after 15 min, whereas general praise required a 35-min observation, and reprimand only required 5 min. Implications and future directions are discussed.

The Effects of a Multicomponent Self-Monitoring Intervention on the Rates of Pre-Service Teacher Behavior-Specific Praise in a Masked Single-Case Experimental Design

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 207-219
Author(s):  
Mary Rose Sallese ◽  
Kimberly J. Vannest
Keyword(s):  
Classroom Management ◽  
General Education ◽  
Visual Analysis ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Teacher Behavior ◽  
Student Outcome ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Behavior Specific Praise ◽  
Pre Service Teacher ◽  
Specific Praise

The effects of self-monitoring (SM) on teacher behavior are well documented, but previous research does not attempt to control for reactivity as a threat to internal validity. This study examined the effects of a multicomponent SM intervention on the use of a classroom management practice with participant masking to address this absence in the literature. Participating teachers selected between two practices (behavior-specific praise and opportunities to respond). A multiple baseline design across four pre-service teacher interns occurred in general education classroom settings. Participant masking to the purpose of the study precluded exposure to SM, performance feedback, and goal setting. Analyses included an independent visual analysis by three masked raters, an independent quality review for What Works Clearinghouse standards, a nonparametric statistical analysis based on data characteristics, and correspondence reporting between visual and statistical analyses. Overall results indicated an increase in the rate of classroom management practice use by the participants and good social validity across the three constructs. Student outcome data for on-task behavior were inconclusive. Limitations and implications for research and practice are discussed.

High school teachers’ maintained and generalized behavior-specific praise following in situ training.

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 203-218
Author(s):  
Traci A. Taber ◽  
Brad A. Dufrene ◽  
Keith C. Radley ◽  
D. Joe Olmi ◽  
Daniel H. Tingstrom
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Teachers ◽  
School Teachers ◽  
In Situ Training ◽  
Behavior Specific Praise ◽  
Specific Praise

Differentiating Study Guides

2017 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-27
Author(s):  
Greg Conderman ◽  
Laura Hedin
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
General Education ◽  
High School Teachers ◽  
Student Outcomes ◽  
Instructional Support ◽  
Learning Preferences ◽  
Upper Elementary ◽  
School Teachers ◽  
Study Guides ◽  
General Education Classrooms

Study guides are a popular and frequently student-requested instructional support developed primarily by upper elementary, middle, and high school teachers to help students navigate through a course of study. With the increase of the number of learners with diverse needs in general education classrooms, teachers need to be mindful of various ways to differentiate study guides, that is, make adjustments that maintain the integrity of student outcomes while offering choices and respecting each learner’s background knowledge, skill-level, interests, and learning preferences. Specifically, teachers can differentiate study guides by adjusting questions and content, providing different kinds of study guides, allowing students to demonstrate knowledge in different ways, reinforcing student efforts, and allowing students to use classroom materials and space in various ways. This article presents ways teachers can apply the components of differentiation to maximize the use of study guides in inclusive classrooms.

scholarly journals Elementary and Junior High School Teachers’ Promotion of Self-Determination in Taiwan

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 141
Author(s):  
Pen-Chiang Chao ◽  
Yu-Chi Chou
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
General Education ◽  
High School Teachers ◽  
Junior High School ◽  
Junior High ◽  
Teaching Experience ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
School Teachers ◽  
Problem Solving Skills ◽  
Junior High School Teachers

instruction is implemented by elementary and junior high school teachers; (b)examine the frequency with which the components of self-determination are taught; and (c)investigate whether teachers’ gender, class setting, and teaching experience affect their classroom practices regarding the promotion of self-determination. The participants were 1,039 teachers recruited from elementary and junior high schools nationwide in Taiwan using a random sampling method. The Teaching Self-Determination Scale (TSDS) was used to gauge the extent to which educators teach knowledge and skills related to self-determination. Descriptive statistics, analyses of variance (ANOVAs) and multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVAs) were employed to analyze data collected. Findings showed that more than half of the teachers surveyed reported having often or always provided instruction to promote students’ self-determination. The most frequently taught skills are related to Psychological Empowerment (self-advocacy skills, expecting positive outcomes), while the least frequently taught skills were primarily located in the domain of Self-Regulation (goal setting and problem solving skills). Furthermore, our findings showed that teachers’ gender, class setting, and teaching experience were factors attecting the extent to which teachers delivered instruction to promote self-determination. Female teachers exhibited higher levels of implementation with respect to self-determination instruction. Teachers in general education classrooms showed significantly higher levels of applied self-determination instruction, followed by resource room teachers and self-contained classroom teachers. Additionally, teachers with more teaching experiences more frequently employed instructional activities promoting self-determination. Suggestions and implications are provided.

Behavior-Specific Praise in Pre-K–12 Settings: Mapping the 50-Year Knowledge Base

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-147
Author(s):  
Robin Parks Ennis ◽  
David James Royer ◽  
Kathleen Lynne Lane ◽  
Kristin Diane Dunlap
Keyword(s):  
General Education ◽  
Professional Learning ◽  
Challenging Behaviors ◽  
Appropriate Behavior ◽  
School Based ◽  
Students First ◽  
Behavior Specific Praise ◽  
Literature Base ◽  
K 12 ◽  
Specific Praise

Behavior-specific praise (BSP) is a low-intensity strategy widely used to encourage appropriate behavior. We sought to explore the vast literature base for BSP, which spans 50 years, to better understand for whom and under what conditions BSP has demonstrated effectiveness. We conducted a comprehensive review of school-based intervention studies ( k = 57) involving BSP with school-age students. First, we identified outlets in which these 57 studies (from 52 articles) were featured. Second, we described the 1,947 total student participants and the educational contexts in which these interventions occurred—the vast majority of students were served in general education and many displayed challenging behaviors (e.g., students with emotional and behavioral disorders). Third, we examined how BSP was implemented and evaluated with the Pre-K–12 population, noting three distinct areas of research: teacher-delivered BSP, student-delivered BSP, and professional learning to increase BSP. Fourth, we examined how BSP was employed as an independent and dependent variable, with more than 96% of studies featuring BSP as an outcome measure. Finally, we investigated the extent to which social validity (33 studies), generalization (11 studies), and maintenance (26 studies) were assessed. We conclude with a discussion of limitations and directions for future inquiry.

Promoting Equity in Teachers’ Use of Behavior-Specific Praise With Self-Monitoring and Performance Feedback

2020 ◽  
pp. 109830072095193
Author(s):  
Ashley Elizabeth Knochel ◽  
Kwang-Sun Cho Blair ◽  
Donald Kincaid ◽  
Anna Randazzo
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Training ◽  
Performance Feedback ◽  
Classroom Behavior ◽  
Teacher Behavior ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Behavior Specific Praise ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Written Performance ◽  
Specific Praise

This study examined the impact of teacher training interventions on establishing equity in teacher implementation of a common positive behavior classroom support strategy, behavior-specific praise (BSP), in four elementary classrooms. Teacher self-monitoring and written performance feedback were used to support teachers in improving classroom practices by establishing proportionate praise and discipline practices across racially diverse students. A multiple-baseline across participants design was used to evaluate the impact of self-monitoring and written performance feedback with and without equity-focused procedures on teacher delivery of BSP and reprimands and their perception of student classroom behavior. Results indicated that the typical self-monitoring and written performance feedback were effective in increasing the participating teachers’ overall rates of delivering BSP and reducing reprimands; however, substantial disparities in praise delivery were observed among student racial groups across teachers. Additional feedback regarding equity was necessary for reducing disparities in teacher behavior. The results also indicated that teacher perception of student classroom behavior improved, as a result of the teacher training intervention.

Impact of CW-FIT on Student and Teacher Behavior in a Middle School

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 195-206
Author(s):  
Renee Speight ◽  
Peggy Whitby ◽  
Suzanne Kucharczyk
Keyword(s):  
Middle School ◽  
Behavior Management ◽  
Student Behavior ◽  
Functional Relation ◽  
Teacher Behavior ◽  
School Students ◽  
Adolescent Students ◽  
Behavior Specific Praise ◽  
Classroom Level ◽  
Specific Praise

Positive behavior interventions and supports (PBIS) improve student behavior. Yet, teachers may not receive adequate training to implement PBIS at the classroom level. This study evaluated class-wide function-related intervention teams (CW-FIT) as a classroom-level behavior management system to determine whether the behavior of middle school students would improve with teacher implementation of CW-FIT. A multiple-baseline across conditions design was used to evaluate changes in on-task behavior of adolescent students in sixth and seventh grade from a socioeconomically and ethnically diverse middle school. In addition, the effects on teacher behavior-specific praise statements and teacher reprimands were assessed. Consistent with previous evaluations of CW-FIT, findings indicated a functional relation between the intervention and increases in on-task student behavior. In addition, the findings also showed improvements to teacher behavior with increases in behavior-specific praise statements; however, no effect was observed with teacher reprimands. Social validity measures indicated students and teachers found the intervention favorable. Implications, limitations, and areas for future inquiry are discussed.

Presidential Address 1990 Middle East Area Studies: Current Concerns and Future Directions

1991 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Yvonne Y. Haddad
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Middle East ◽  
High School Teachers ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Presidential Address ◽  
Summer Institute ◽  
School Teachers ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Cynical View ◽  
Current Concerns

Several MESA Members met in October to organize a two-week summer institute for high school teachers on the general subject of teaching about Islam and the Arab world. Having determined the overall topics to be addressed, we decided to leave one session open to deal with whatever might be “The Crisis of the Day.” Someone asked, “But what if there isn’t a crisis?” Such a possibility seemed quite unthinkable to most of us. “I’m sure there will be something,” said one person. And another, for good measure, added, “And if there isn’t, we can make one up.”This rather cynical view of the importance of conflict in the overall reality of the Middle East may remind some of us of the distorted joke about the scorpion and the frog crossing the river, often repeated by speakers with the clincher, “This is the Middle East.” In reality, however, it may reflect a deeper concern that many of us have. What is this Middle East to the study of which we have devoted our lives? Have we somehow created an entity for our own needs and purposes that may not correspond to reality?

Training General Educators to Increase Behavior-Specific Praise: Effects on Students with EBD

2012 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Allan Allday ◽  
Kim Hinkson-Lee ◽  
Tina Hudson ◽  
Shelley Neilsen-Gatti ◽  
Andrew Kleinke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
General Education ◽  
General Educators ◽  
Multiple Baseline ◽  
Baseline Design ◽  
General Education Classroom ◽  
Behavior Specific Praise ◽  
Use Behavior ◽  
Specific Praise ◽  
Students With Ebd

Students identified with or at risk for Emotional/Behavioral Disabilities (EBD) are being included in the general education classroom with teachers who have little training or exposure to characteristics of and interventions for students with EBD. In this study, we used a simple professional development intervention to train teachers to better use behavior-specific praise (BSP) in their classroom. A modified multiple baseline design was conducted across four teachers and seven students. Three students were identified with EBD and four were considered at risk for EBD. The goal of the study was to increase the rate of BSP delivered to all students in the classroom and determine the effects of increased BSP on students with or at risk for EBD. Results of the study show that, following the teacher training, teachers increased BSP and target students increased their task engagement. In addition to increases in BSP, the use of corrective statements decreased following the training.

A Comparison of Instructional Context, Teacher Behavior, and Engaged Behavior for Students with Severe Disabilities in General Education and Self-Contained Elementary Classrooms

1997 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kent R. Logan ◽  
Elizabeth B. Keefe
Keyword(s):  
General Education ◽  
Elementary Classrooms ◽  
Severe Disabilities ◽  
Teacher Behavior ◽  
Student Response ◽  
Functional Activities ◽  
Teacher Attention ◽  
Instructional Context ◽  
Students With Severe Disabilities ◽  
General Education Classrooms

This article presents results from an observational study comparing instructional context, teacher behavior, and engaged behavior for 15 students with severe disabilities in general education classrooms and 15 students with severe disabilities in self-contained classrooms. The observational data system was the Code for Instruction and Student Academic Response–Mainstream Version. The major significant differences were that students in general education classrooms received a greater proportion of their instruction through academic rather than functional activities and received more one-to-one instruction and teacher attention than did students in self-contained classrooms. No significant differences were found between the settings for student response. The most interesting finding may be that so few differences were found between general education and self-contained classrooms.

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