Citizen accountability in the ‘New NHS’ in England

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 418-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bob Hudson
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Future Development ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Citizen Engagement ◽  
Local Areas ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Accountability Gap

The NHS is facing a combination of lower spending and increasing demand. In response, NHS England is requiring local areas to substantially rethink and reshape services through Sustainability and Transformation Plans. These have been devised largely without the involvement of patients and citizens, giving rise to widespread concerns about service loss. Other structural changes are also taking place that have no obvious place for citizen engagement. All of this is highlighting the problem of a lack of local accountability and legitimacy for decision-making in healthcare. This commentary describes the changes, identifies the accountability gap and suggests a framework for future development.

THE IMPACT OF UKRAINE'S EXCISE DUTY POLICY ON THE TRANSFORMATION PROCESSES OF THE TOBACCO MARKET

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (10) ◽  
pp. 19-33
Author(s):  
Nadiia NOVYTSKA ◽  
◽  
Inna KHLIEBNIKOVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Tax Avoidance ◽  
Transformation Process ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Excise Duty ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Transformation Processes

The market of tobacco products in Ukraine is one of the most dynamic and competitive. It develops under the influence of certain factors that cause structural changes, therefore, the aim of the article is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of transformation processes in the market of tobacco and their alternatives in Ukraine and identify the factors that cause them. The high level of tax burden and the proliferation of alternative products with a potentially lower risk to human health, including heating tobacco products and e-cigarettes, are key factors in the market’s transformation process. Their presence leads to an increase in illicit turnover of tobacco products, which accounts for 6.37% of the market, and the gradual replacement of cigarettes with alternative products, which account for 12.95%. The presence on the market of products that are not taxed or taxed at lower rates is one of the reasons for the reduction of excise duty revenues. According to the results of 2019, the planned indicators of revenues were not met by 23.5%. Other reasons for non-fulfillment of excise duty revenues include: declining dynamics of the tobacco products market; reduction in the number of smokers; reorientation of «cheap whites» cigarette flows from Ukraine to neighboring countries; tax avoidance. Prospects for further research are identified, namely the need to develop measures for state regulation and optimization of excise duty taxation of tobacco products and their alternatives, taking into account the risks to public health and increasing demand of illegal products.

What do new neuroscience discoveries in children mean for their open future?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl D. Lew
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Moral Agency ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Fetal Life ◽  
Open Future ◽  
Ethical Concerns ◽  
Pediatric Ethics ◽  
Pediatric Decision Making ◽  
New Research ◽  
Pediatric Healthcare

Over the last decade, the number of neuroimaging and other neuroscience studies on the developing brain from fetal life through adolescence has increased exponentially. Children are viewed as particularly vulnerable members of our society and observations of significant neural structural changes associated with behavioral anomalies raise numerous ethical concerns around personal identity, free will, and the possibility of an open future. This chapter provides a review of recent research in the pediatric neuroscience literature, common pediatric decision-making, and social justice models, and discusses the implications of this research for the future of pediatric ethics thinking and policy. New research presents challenges to professional and pediatric bioethicist views of the moral future of children in pediatric healthcare and opportunities to examine anew notions of how to consider the developing moral agency of children.

The Engro Zarkhez Challenge 2011

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-34
Author(s):  
Sara Alvi ◽  
Arif N. Butt ◽  
Anwar Khurshid ◽  
M. Athar Siddiqui
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Goal Setting ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Organizational Decision Making ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Marketing Managers ◽  
Strategic Goals ◽  
Marketing Team ◽  
Working Out

The case aims at highlighting the intra organizational negotiation challenges faced by Engro Marketing team for attaining sales targets. The problem is of goal incongruence and lack of communication regarding sales targets in the organization. Additionally, the structural changes which had added a new layer of management of Area Marketing Managers (AMMs) in Engro led to role ambiguities between the Area Marketing Managers (AMM) and the Zonal Marketing Managers (ZMM). The main challenges that Engro faces are: a) There was an urgent need for differing viewpoints on sales targets to converge to a joint goal setting pattern b) Up-gradation of skills was needed by AMM and ZMM with respect to increased listening and communication, facing and appreciating work-related conflict, working out interpersonal frictions and not using compromise as a basis for organizational decision-making, and c) A commitment to the strategic goals of the company needed to be gained by establishing clear responsibilities for implementing them.

scholarly journals Eight grand challenges in socio-environmental systems modeling

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 16226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sondoss Elsawah ◽  
Tatiana Filatova ◽  
Anthony J. Jakeman ◽  
Albert J. Kettner ◽  
Moira L. Zellner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Uncertainty Assessment ◽  
Human Dimensions ◽  
Data Types ◽  
Grand Challenges ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative Methods ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Environmental Systems

Modeling is essential to characterize and explore complex societal and environmental issues in systematic and collaborative ways. Socio-environmental systems (SES) modeling integrates knowledge and perspectives into conceptual and computational tools that explicitly recognize how human decisions affect the environment. Depending on the modeling purpose, many SES modelers also realize that involvement of stakeholders and experts is fundamental to support social learning and decision-making processes for achieving improved environmental and social outcomes. The contribution of this paper lies in identifying and formulating grand challenges that need to be overcome to accelerate the development and adaptation of SES modeling. Eight challenges are delineated: bridging epistemologies across disciplines; multi-dimensional uncertainty assessment and management; scales and scaling issues; combining qualitative and quantitative methods and data; furthering the adoption and impacts of SES modeling on policy; capturing structural changes; representing human dimensions in SES; and leveraging new data types and sources. These challenges limit our ability to effectively use SES modeling to provide the knowledge and information essential for supporting decision making. Whereas some of these challenges are not unique to SES modeling and may be pervasive in other scientific fields, they still act as barriers as well as research opportunities for the SES modeling community. For each challenge, we outline basic steps that can be taken to surmount the underpinning barriers. Thus, the paper identifies priority research areas in SES modeling, chiefly related to progressing modeling products, processes and practices.

scholarly journals Autogenerator-Based Modelling Framework for Development of Strategic Games Simulations: Rational Pigs Game Extended

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Robert Fabac ◽  
Danijel Radošević ◽  
Ivan Magdalenić
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Equilibrium Point ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Matrix Game ◽  
Strategic Games ◽  
Program Specification ◽  
Modelling Framework ◽  
Successful Attempt ◽  
General Game ◽  
Rational Players

When considering strategic games from the conceptual perspective that focuses on the questions of participants’ decision-making rationality, the very issues of modelling and simulation are rarely discussed. The well-known Rational Pigs matrix game has been relatively intensively analyzed in terms of reassessment of the logic of two players involved in asymmetric situations as gluttons that differ significantly by their attributes. This paper presents a successful attempt of using autogenerator for creating the framework of the game, including the predefined scenarios and corresponding payoffs. Autogenerator offers flexibility concerning the specification of game parameters, which consist of variations in the number of simultaneous players and their features and game objects and their attributes as well as some general game characteristics. In the proposed approach the model of autogenerator was upgraded so as to enable program specification updates. For the purpose of treatment of more complex strategic scenarios, we created the Rational Pigs Game Extended (RPGE), in which the introduction of a third glutton entails significant structural changes. In addition, due to the existence of particular attributes of the new player, “the tramp,” one equilibrium point from the original game is destabilized which has an influence on the decision-making of rational players.

Mechanical Handling Engineers—A Case for Engineering Management with Style

1988 ◽  
Vol 202 (3) ◽  
pp. 171-175
Author(s):  
T W Batley
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Engineer ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Future Development ◽  
Business Management ◽  
Profit Sharing ◽  
Engineering Management ◽  
Engineering Company ◽  
Mechanical Handling

This case study concerns a mechanical engineer who has strong views on business management. He purchased a small engineering company in Dunedin, New Zealand, and put into practice his managerial philosophies of worker participation in decision-making and profit-sharing. The paper reviews the progress of the company during its first three years and then discusses the options for its future development.

Aggregate Efficiency Dynamics in Lithuanian Dairy Farms

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 251-264
Author(s):  
Tomas Balezentis ◽  
Giannis Karagiannis
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Family Farms ◽  
Efficiency Change ◽  
Empirical Application ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Covariance Term ◽  
Large Farms ◽  
Decision Making Units

In this paper, we attempt to identify the major groups of decision making units (dairy farms) contributing to the aggregate efficiency change. We also suggest identifying influential peers in order to gain more insights into possible development strategies within a sector. The empirical application focuses on specialist dairy farms in Lithuania. The farm-level data cover the period 2004-2016. The results indicate the presence of structural changes and resulting shifts in the aggregate efficiency. Based on the results of decomposition of the covariance term and identification of the influential peers, two models can be followed by Lithuanian dairy farms, namely “pure” family farms with lower operational scale and large farms involving hired labour.

From Sketches and Installations to Bioinspired 5D Printing Models

2021 ◽  
pp. 365-387
Author(s):  
Silvia Titotto
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Future Development ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Virtual Prototyping ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Biologically Inspired ◽  
Digital Twins ◽  
Cad Cam ◽  
The Impact

This chapter opens up discussions upon the relevance of interaction of representations and data visualization modes for smart cities design, planning, and development that occur beyond paper and computer drawing. Although many practitioners usually relate smart cities and digital twins design exclusively to CAD/CAM/CAE and BIM methods, processes, and tools, a wider pool of techniques and forms of expression might be the key to a more accurate and comprehensive way of simulating the several kinds of alterations that happen in the planned built environment. The chapter deals with the study of concepts that relate to both physical and virtual prototyping, which underlines an interdisciplinary approach to design and the impact of integrating biologically inspired principles from different backgrounds to the field of smart cities design. In this regard, biomimetics and additive manufacturing may play key roles in smart city's modeling design and the frontier technology of 5D printing reveals real-time decision-making programmable 4D printing process as a potential future development.

PACs

1997 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean L. Blosser ◽  
Annette Kratcoski
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Service Delivery ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Communication Disorder ◽  
Speech Language Pathologists ◽  
Economic Trends ◽  
Team Decision ◽  
Delivery Options ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Delivery Models

Changes in demographic and economic trends, as well as reforms in health care and education, have encouraged speech-language pathologists to expand the service delivery options they offer. Practitioners are searching for service delivery models that promote clients’ functional skills, are cost-effective, and reflect accountability and efficacy. There is increasing demand for models that incorporate team decision-making and participation. This article provides clinicians with a framework for decision-making and service delivery by encouraging speech-language pathologists and their colleagues to consider the unique combination of providers, activities, and contexts (PACs) necessary to meet the specific needs of each individual with a communication disorder.

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