A Comparison of Ecotoxicological Tests

2002 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 539-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
James L. Botsford
Keyword(s):  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Rat Hepatocytes ◽  
In Vitro Cytotoxicity ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Average Correlation ◽  
Ecotoxicological Tests ◽  
Present Test ◽  
Lethal Doses

A simple, inexpensive and rapid method of determining toxicity by using a bacterium as the indicator organism was developed and compared with 23 other tests. The average correlation coefficient when comparing these 23 tests with the present test was 0.800, ranging from 0.580 to 0.950. Eleven of the tests were compared in detail by using 35 of the chemicals on the Multicentre Evaluation of In Vitro Cytotoxicity list of test chemicals. Comparing results from the present test with test results for these 35 chemicals with Microtox™, Biotox™, Daphnia magna, rat hepatocytes and ascites tumour cell resulted in correlation coefficients ranging from 0.871 to 0.933. Comparisons of the test data with rodent LD50 values, human lethal dose estimates from autopsies and human lethal doses obtained from the literature provided correlation coefficients ranging from 0.580 to 0.770, indicating that the test compares less favourably with these methods. This test provides data comparable to data from other ecotoxicological tests.

The Predictive Potential of a Battery of Ecotoxicological Tests for Human Acute Toxicity, as Evaluated with the First 50 MEIC Chemicals

1993 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 330-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mabel C. Calleja ◽  
Guido Persoone ◽  
Paul Geladi
Keyword(s):  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Artemia Salina ◽  
In Vitro Cytotoxicity ◽  
Photobacterium Phosphoreum ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Ecotoxicological Tests ◽  
Partial Least Squares Method ◽  
Lethal Doses ◽  
Better Than

The acute toxicities of the first 50 chemicals (dextropropoxyphene hydrochloride excluded) of the multicentre evaluation of in vitro cytotoxicity (MEIC) programme were determined on four aquatic invertebrates and a bacterial strain (Photobacterium phosphoreum for the Microtox™ test) commonly used in ecotoxicology testing. Three of the aquatic invertebrate tests consisted of cyst-based toxicity tests (Artoxkit M with Artemia salina, Streptoxkit F with Streptocephalus proboscideus, and Rotoxkit F with Brachionus calyciflorus), and the Daphnia magna test. Results of simple linear regression analyses indicated that the rodent tests (rat and/or mouse) were better than the ecotoxicological tests for predicting acute oral lethal doses in man. However, it appears that the batteries of ecotoxicological tests resulting from the partial least squares method appear to be better than the rodent tests for predicting human oral lethal doses.

scholarly journals A SPECIFIC POISON IN THE LIVER EXTRACTS OF RABBITS INOCULATED WITH TYPHOID AND PRODIGIOSUS BACILLI INTRAVENOUSLY

1918 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 571-583
Author(s):  
Julia T. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Anaphylactic Shock ◽  
Liver Extract ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Toxic Substance ◽  
Normal Liver ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Minimum Lethal Dose ◽  
Lethal Doses

1. The livers of rabbits inoculated with cultures of Bacillus typhosus or Bacillus prodigiosus under certain conditions contain a toxic substance extractable with salt solution. When the toxic extracts are injected intravenously into normal rabbits the latter animals develop symptoms resembling those of anaphylactic shock and succumb. The lethal doses of the toxic extracts are far smaller than those of normal liver extract. 2. The livers of rabbits injected with typhoid antigen also yield a toxic extract. 3. Boiling as well as filtration through a Berkefeld filter only partially detoxicates the extract. 4. Tolerance to one to two lethal doses of the poisonous extracts can be induced by cautious immunization. 5. Rabbits actively immunized to Bacillus typhosus or Bacillus prodigiosus usually resist one lethal dose of the homologous liver poison; and animals tolerant to the typhoid liver poison resist one minimum lethal dose at least of Bacillus typhosus. 6. Typhoid immune serum is not detoxicating either in vivo or in vitro for the typhoid liver poison. 7. The liver poisons are specific, since rabbits actively immunized to either Bacillus typhosus or Bacillus prodigiosus withstand at least one minimum lethal dose of the homologous but not of the heterologous-liver poisons.

scholarly journals Prevention by Phospholipase C of Pulmonary Insufficiency Syndrome Induced by Tissue Thromboplastin in Rats

1977 ◽  
Author(s):  
K-E Giercksky
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Phospholipase C ◽  
Bleeding Time ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Pulmonary Insufficiency ◽  
Tissue Thromboplastin ◽  
Insufficiency Syndrome ◽  
Rat Adipose Tissue ◽  
Lethal Doses

Purified phospholipase C (PLC) is a potent inactivator of tissue thromboplastin in vitro (1.2). Rats injected with a lethal dose of purified human tissue thromboplastin (3) survived when given PLC i.v. before the thromboplastin injection (4.5). PLC i.v. also led to a striking reduction 125I-fibrin and 51Cr-platelets in the lungs when given just before a sublethal infusion of thromboplastin (5). Rat adipose tissue was homogenized and centrifuged to give 3 fractions, of which one had a marked procoagulant, tissue thromboblastin-like activity. Infusion of this fraction led to an accumulation of 125I-fibrin and 51Cr-platelets similar to that following infusion of tissue thromboplastin. LD50 for purified PLC in rats have been determined (6). Doses smaller than 10% of LD50 protected rats against otherwise lethal doses of the procoagulant from adipose tissue and reduced the accumulation of fibrin and platelets in the lungs to nearly control levels.PLC does not alter the primary bleeding time, platelet half-life or thrombin-induced platelet aggregation.1. Otnasss et al E.J.B. 1972, 2. Bjørklid et al TDH 1973, 3. Bjørklid et al BBRC 1973, 4. Giercksky et al S.J.H. 1976, 5. Giercksky & Bjørklid, S.J.H. 1976, 6. Otnæss et al S.J.C. lab. 1976.

scholarly journals Novel PEEK Copolymer Synthesis and Biosafety – I: Cytotoxicity Evaluation for Clinical Application

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1803
Author(s):  
Chon ◽  
Yang ◽  
Lee ◽  
Kim ◽  
Jeon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Characteristics ◽  
In Vitro Cytotoxicity ◽  
Cytotoxicity Test ◽  
Solution Polymerization ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Diphenyl Sulfone ◽  
Peek Composite ◽  
Polymerization Method

In this research, we synthesized novel polyetheretherketone (PEEK) copolymers and evaluated the biosafety and cytotoxicity of their composites for spinal cage applications in the orthopedic field. The PEEK copolymers and their composites were prepared through a solution polymerization method using diphenyl sulfone as a polymerization solvent. The composite of PEEK copolymer showed good mechanical properties similar to that of natural bone, and also showed good thermal characteristics for the processing of clinical use as spine cage. The results of an in vitro cytotoxicity test did not show any evidence of a toxic effect on the novel PEEK composite. On the basis of these cytotoxicity test results, the PEEK composite also proved its in vitro biosafety for application to an implantable spine cage.

scholarly journals Bioactive Icariin/β-CD-IC/Bacterial Cellulose with Enhanced Biomedical Potential

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 387
Author(s):  
Alfred Mensah ◽  
Yajun Chen ◽  
Benjamin K. Asinyo ◽  
Ebenezer Kofi Howard ◽  
Christopher Narh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Release ◽  
Inclusion Complex ◽  
Bacterial Cellulose ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Inclusion Complexation ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
In Vitro Cytotoxicity ◽  
Cytotoxicity Test ◽  
Test Results

A “super” bioactive antibacterial hydrogel, Icariin-β-CD-inclusion complex/Bacterial cellulose and an equally capable counterpart Icariin-Bacterial cellulose (ICBC) were successfully produced with excellent antioxidant properties. The highly porous hydrogels demonstrated very high fluid/liquid absorption capability and were functionally active as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR) test confirmed the existence of abundant hydroxyls (-OH stretching), carboxylic acids (-CH2/C-O stretching), Alkyne/nitrile (C≡C/C≡N stretching with triple bonds) and phenol (C-H/N-O symmetric stretching) functional groups. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) tests confirmed a successful β-CD-inclusion complexation with Icariin with a great potential for sustained and controlled drug release. In vitro drug release test results indicated a systemic and controlled release of the drug (Icariin) from the internal cavities of the β-CD inclusion complex incorporated inside the BC matrix with high Icariin (drug) release rates. Impressive inactivation rates against Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli ATCC 8099 and gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538; >99.19% and >98.89% respectively were recorded, as the materials proved to be non-toxic on L929 cells in the in vitro cytotoxicity test results. The materials with promising versatile multipurpose administration of Icariin for wound dressing (as wound dressers), can also be executed as implants for tissue regeneration, as well as face-mask for cosmetic purposes.

Evaluation of tetraphenyl-2,3-dihydroxychlorins as potential photosensitizers

2002 ◽  
Vol 06 (02) ◽  
pp. 146-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill K. Macalpine ◽  
Ron Boch ◽  
David Dolphin
Keyword(s):  
Lethal Dose ◽  
In Vitro Cytotoxicity ◽  
Assay Conditions

A series of β,β-dihydroxychlorins derived from meso-tetraphenylporphyrins (TPPs) have been synthesized. Their in vitro cytotoxicity has been measured and compared to BPDMA (verteporfin). Under the assay conditions BPDMA had an LD 50 (lethal dose to kill 50% of cells) value of 0.007 μM (5 ng/mL). The LD 50 values for the TPP derivatives varied from 1.7 × 10-2 to 9.9 μM depending upon the substituents and their position on the phenyl groups. One example of the dihydroxychlorin prepared from unsubstituted 5,15-diphenylporphyrin was examined and this exhibited an LD 50 of 2.4 × 10-3 μ M !

Evaluation of the Cytotoxic Effects of MEIC Chemicals 31–50 on Primary Culture of Rat Hepatocytes and Hepatic and Non-hepatic Cell Lines

1997 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 423-436
Author(s):  
Xavier Ponsoda ◽  
Cristina Núñez ◽  
José Vicente Castell ◽  
Maria José Gómez-Lechón
Keyword(s):  
Primary Culture ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Rat Hepatocytes ◽  
In Vitro Cytotoxicity ◽  
Hepatic Cell ◽  
Cellular Systems ◽  
Human Toxicity ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Hepatic Cell Lines

The cytotoxicities of 20 chemicals (numbers 31–50) from the Multicenter Evaluation of In Vitro Cytotoxicity (MEIC) programme were assessed with a primary culture of rat hepatocytes and with two hepatic cell lines (Hep G2 and FaO) and one non-hepatic cell line (3T3). The cytotoxicities of the chemicals were evaluated by using the MTT test after the cells had been exposed to the chemicals for 24 hours. For a better evaluation of results, dose–response curves were mathematically linearised and cytotoxicity was expressed as IC50 values and IC10 values (the concentration causing 50% and 10% loss of cell viability, respectively). We found that all the compounds showed similar acute basal cytotoxicity in all four cellular systems (regardless of whether the cells were, or were not, metabolically competent or were or were not of human origin). When these results were used to predicit human toxicity in terms of a mathematical parameter (prediction error [PE]), we found that all four systems gave similar predictions of human toxicity. The best cytotoxicity parameter included in the PE calculation was the IC50/10, because of an underestimation of human toxicity by in vitro systems. However, when PEs were calculated for rodent toxicity, better results were obtained. Data from the literature obtained by using other experimental models for predicting human toxicity were analysed according to the same criteria. We conclude that cellular systems are better predictive tools for human toxicity than are prokaryotic cells or whole-organism models.

A Multicentre Study of Acute In Vitro Cytotoxicity in Rat Hepatocytes: Tentative Correlation Between In Vitro Toxicities and In Vivo Data

1993 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-284
Author(s):  
Alain Fautrel ◽  
Christophe Chesné ◽  
André Guillouzo ◽  
Georges De Sousa ◽  
Michel Placidi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rat Hepatocytes ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Model System ◽  
In Vitro Cytotoxicity ◽  
Rat Hepatocyte ◽  
Ic50 Value ◽  
Neutral Red Uptake ◽  
Tentative Correlation

A multicentre validation study of the acute in vitro cytotoxicities of 31 liquid or solid chemicals was carried out by six laboratories, using primary rat hepatocyte cultures as a model system. We report here a comparison of neutral red uptake IC50 and LD50 values. Oral, i.p. and i.v. LD50 values were available for 27, 24 and 18 chemicals, respectively, and an IC50 value was obtained for 15, 14 and 11 of these compounds, respectively. A significant correlation was found only between IC50 and i.v. LD50 values.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document