David Buttery, Napoleon’s Paris: A Guide to the Napoleonic Sites of the Consulate and the First Empire, 1799–1815

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 713-714
Author(s):  
Charles Esdaile
Keyword(s):  
First Empire

4.2 ka BP Megadrought and the Akkadian Collapse

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harvey Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yields ◽  
First Empire ◽  
Adaptive Processes ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Farming Landscapes ◽  
Dry Farming ◽  
Standing Army ◽  
Irrigation Agriculture ◽  
Habitat Tracking

The Akkadians, of southern Mesopotamia, created the first empire ca. 2300 BC with the conquest and imperialization of southern irrigation agriculture and northern Mesopotamian dry-farming landscapes. The Akkadian Empire conquered and controlled a territory of roughly 30,000 square kilometers and, importantly, its wealth in labor and cereal crop-yields. The Empire maintained a standing army, weaponry, and a hierarchy of administrators, scribes, surveyors, craft specialists, and transport personnel, sustainable and profitable for about one hundred years. Archaeological excavations indicate the empire was still in the process of expansion when the 2200 BC–1900 BC/4.2–3.9 ka BP global abrupt climate change deflected or weakened the Mediterranean westerlies and the Indian Monsoon and generated synchronous megadrought across the Mediterranean, west Asia, the Indus, and northeast Africa. Dry-farming agriculture domains and their productivity across west Asia were reduced severely, forcing adaptive societal collapses, regional abandonments, habitat-tracking, nomadization, and the collapse of the Akkadian Empire. These adaptive processes extended across the hydrographically varied landscapes of west Asia and thereby provided demographic and societal resilience in the face of the megadrought’s abruptness, magnitude, and duration.

Moderation and “Neutral Power”

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurelian Craiutu
Keyword(s):  
Political Thought ◽  
The State ◽  
Representative Government ◽  
Individual Liberty ◽  
Middle Way ◽  
First Empire ◽  
Bourbon Restoration

This chapter examines political moderation in Benjamin Constant's political thought, with particular emphasis on his search for a “neutral power” that would function as a moderating device, keeping the ship of the state on an even keel. It begins with a commentary on Constant's enigmatic personality before turning to his lesser-known political writings from 1795 to 1799 as well as his better-known works written during the First Empire and the Bourbon Restoration. It then considers the rhetoric of an “extreme center” in the context of moderation as well as Constant's notion of the middle way during the Directory. It also explores Constant's ideas on limited sovereignty and individual liberty, along with his theory of representative government based on the concept of pouvoir modérateur.

The Anglosphere as a Principle of Progress

2019 ◽  
pp. 21-37
Author(s):  
Michael Gardiner
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Adam Smith ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Scottish Enlightenment ◽  
Commercial Society ◽  
First Empire ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Language Area ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

The Anglosphere is not only a linguistic entity, it is more fundamentally based in a binding of linguistic improvement, commerce, and historical advance, and it can be read in linguistic aspirations specifically set against the improving background of the Scottish Enlightenment. Enlightenment rhetoric guides answered the imperative of adjustment to British union and a desire to level the ground for individual public advance, and they define the language area in terms of a teleology, pointing inevitably towards commercial society. For literati like Adam Smith, linguistic improvement was the raw material of exchange, exchange was a clear historiographical good, and this good can moreover be demonstrated more or less empirically. The Anglosphere should be understood as a space that is simultaneously linguistic, economic, and historiographic, remaining readable in Victorian statecraft, and in Greater Britain’s ‘linguistic ethnicity’, and in the lost colonies of Britain’s ‘first empire’. It is doubtful, however, whether the Anglosphere in this understanding has retained its direction after the attenuations of the late twentieth century, the new pressures on property creation, and the undoing of the original ethical knot of language, economy, and historiography.

The Kingdom of Akkad in Contact with the World

2020 ◽  
pp. 686-764
Author(s):  
Piotr Michalowski
Keyword(s):  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Organizational Structures ◽  
Centralized Control ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
First Empire ◽  
The World ◽  
External Relationships ◽  
Over Time

This chapter is dedicated to the external relationships of the Sargonic (Old Akkadian) polity, often described as the world’s first empire, and focuses primarily on military and diplomatic matters. The kings of this dynasty reigned over all of southern and northern Babylonia as well as patchworks of outposts, trade routes, and territory in neighboring Iran and Syria for approximately two and a half centuries, although their reach varied over time. The martial exploits of its rulers were remembered by later generations of Mesopotamian scribes and poets, who fictionalized them for their own purposes. This chapter eschews such information, focusing exclusively on the critical evaluation of contemporary sources. The Akkad polity was the first successful state of such a large size in Western Asia, with armies and organizational structures that were developed for maintaining strong, centralized control over its peripheries and the unruly central provinces, which were prone to revolt. Its armies were engaged in constant warfare, putting down native rebellions and venturing far and wide in search of booty and access to metals and stone, but often also engaged in defensive actions in Iran, contending with the expansive activities of the powerful state of Marhaši to the east.

The Xiongnu

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyun Jin Kim
Keyword(s):  
Northern China ◽  
First Century ◽  
Aral Sea ◽  
The Political ◽  
Ruling Elite ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
First Empire ◽  
Western Eurasia ◽  
Asian People

The Xiongnu were an Inner Asian people who formed an empire, a state entity encompassing a multiethnic, multicultural, and polyglot population. The ruling elite of this empire were, for the most part, pastoralists. However, the empire also possessed a substantial agrarian base. In the late 3rd and early 2nd centuries bce, the Xiongnu created the first empire to unify much of Inner Asia. The Xiongnu Empire stretched from Manchuria in the east to the Aral Sea in the west, from the Baikal region in the north to the Ordos and Gansu regions of China in the south. In the 2nd century bce, the Xiongnu also subjected the Han Empire of China to tribute payments. However, late in that century, the Han broke the heqin policy of engagement with the Xiongnu and began a long struggle for supremacy with its northern foe. Political instability arising from protracted struggles over the imperial succession gradually undermined the Xiongnu Empire. In the middle of the first century ce, the state splintered into two halves: the Northern Xiongnu and the Southern Xiongnu. The Southern Xiongnu later conquered Northern China in the early 4th century ce, while the remnants of the Northern Xiongnu became the political and cultural forebears of the later Huns of western Eurasia.

Arthur O’Connor

1966 ◽  
Vol 15 (57) ◽  
pp. 48-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank MacDermot
Keyword(s):  
Second Empire ◽  
July Monarchy ◽  
Second Republic ◽  
First Empire ◽  
Obituary Notice ◽  
United Irishmen

Arthur O’Connor, or more correctly Conner, is now little remembered, but from 1795 to 1798 no leader of the United Irishmen had more prestige and influence than he. In England he was the darling of the Foxite whigs. In France he played a part in procuring the expedition to Bantry Bay. In Ireland he inspired and organised rebellion. He suffered nearly five years imprisonment, narrowly escaped the gallows and spent the last fifty years of his life in exile. There he was made a général de division by Napoleon, was intimate with Lafayette, Volney, and the idéologues, and married the daughter of Condorcet and niece of Grouchy. He lived through the last days of the consulate, and all of the first empire, the restoration, the hundred days, the second restoration, the July monarchy and the second republic to die tranquilly at the dawn of the second empire. An obituary notice in The Nation sang his praises.

scholarly journals Garnisaires in France during the Napoleonic Wars: regulation of repressive measures for maintaining conscription

2021 ◽  
pp. 291-301
Author(s):  
Mikhail Vladimirovich Krichevtsev
Keyword(s):  
Legal Framework ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Director General ◽  
Napoleonic Wars ◽  
Executive Orders ◽  
First Empire ◽  
The Government ◽  
Restrictive Measures ◽  
Napoleon I ◽  
Xix Century

The Institution of garnisaires was intended for providing lodging to bystanders in the homes of residents in order to comply with the requirements of the government. In France of the early XIX century, it was implemented as a repressive measure to ensure conscription of the recalcitrant. The article describes the legal regulation of the institution of garnisaires in conducting conscription in France of the period of the Consulship and the First Empire. The object of this research is the Institution of garnisaires in the early XIX century; while the changes in legal regulation of this institution throughout the ruling of the First Consul and Emperor Napoleon I. The article employs the normative legal acts of the early XIX century: imperial decrees, governmental acts, executive orders and instructions of the officials of the central and local administration; as well as contextual analysis of legal acts, comparative-historical, and chronological methods. Taking into account that the topic of legal regulation of the institution of garnisaires is poorly covered, the article comprehensively analyzes the content of the fundamental legal acts, determines the peculiarities of stern measures applied for maintaining conscription at different stages of the reign of Napoleon I. The conclusion is made that the legal regulation of the institution of garnisaires during the indicated period has evolved from the first attempts to establish the practice of lodgment as repression, initially not implying specific restrictions, to introduction of more balanced and detailed regulation of the institution with a range of restrictive measures. The formation of legal framework of the institution was completed by 1807–1808 with issuing of the decrees of the Emperor and instructions of the Director General of Military Conscription Jean-Girard Lacuée.

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