The association of psychedelic use and opioid use disorders among illicit users in the United States

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 606-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent D Pisano ◽  
Nathaniel P Putnam ◽  
Hannah M Kramer ◽  
Kevin J Franciotti ◽  
John H Halpern ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Risk Ratio ◽  
Opioid Dependence ◽  
Substance Misuse ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Opioid Abuse ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Opioid Use Disorders ◽  
Opioid Users ◽  
Reduced Risk

Background: Preliminary studies show psychedelic compounds administered with psychotherapy are potentially effective and durable substance misuse interventions. However, little is known about the association between psychedelic use and substance misuse in the general population. This study investigated the association between psychedelic use and past year opioid use disorders within illicit opioid users. Methods: While controlling for socio-demographic covariates and the use of other substances, the relationship between classic psychedelic use and past year opioid use disorders was analyzed within 44,000 illicit opioid users who completed the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2008 to 2013. Results: Among respondents with a history of illicit opioid use, psychedelic drug use is associated with 27% reduced risk of past year opioid dependence (weighted risk ratio = 0.73 (0.60–0.89) p = 0.002) and 40% reduced risk of past year opioid abuse (weighted risk ratio = 0.60 (0.41–0.86) p = 0.006). Other than marijuana use, which was associated with 55% reduced risk of past year opioid abuse (weighted risk ratio = 0.45 (0.30–0.66) p < 0.001), no other illicit drug was associated with reduced risk of past year opioid dependence or abuse. Conclusion: Experience with psychedelic drugs is associated with decreased risk of opioid abuse and dependence. Conversely, other illicit drug use history is largely associated with increased risk of opioid abuse and dependence. These findings suggest that psychedelics are associated with positive psychological characteristics and are consistent with prior reports suggesting efficacy in treatment of substance use disorders.

Treatment patterns in women seeking care for endometriosis at an endometriosis center

2021 ◽  
pp. 228402652110456
Author(s):  
Katharine E Linder ◽  
Tatnai L Burnett ◽  
Chia-Sui Weng ◽  
Zaraq Khan ◽  
Kristin Mara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Pelvic Pain ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Pelvic Floor Dysfunction ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
Surgical Excision ◽  
Hormonal Contraceptives ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Prior Surgery

Objective: To determine the clinical characteristics and prior medical and surgical treatments in women undergoing surgical excision of endometriosis for pelvic pain at a single institution. Methods: In this retrospective cohort study we identified 140 women with pathology-proven endometriosis who completed a preoperative standardized pain form and underwent surgery at an endometriosis center. Women were stratified into three groups for analysis: no prior surgery, 1 prior surgery, and 2+ prior surgeries. Results: The most common treatments used prior to seeking care were hormonal contraceptives (51.6%) and surgery (46.1%). More than half of women were diagnosed with pelvic floor dysfunction at time of presentation or prior to consultation. There was a significant relationship between an increasing number of surgeries (none vs 1 vs 2+) and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist use (19.0% vs 27.5% vs 56.0%, p = 0.003). Though not significant, a trend was noted between increasing surgeries and opioid use (20.6% vs 30.0% vs 40.0%, p = 0.17). There was a statistically significant relationship between multiple surgeries and illicit drug use ( p < 0.001). Conclusion: Patients with pelvic pain and endometriosis who have undergone multiple surgeries are more likely to have used GnRH agonists and report illicit drug use prior to presenting to specialized care.

scholarly journals Criminally invalid: the treatment outcome profile form for substance misuse

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (11) ◽  
pp. 404-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Luty ◽  
Sabu Varughese ◽  
Joby Easow
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Outcome ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Drug Treatment ◽  
Substance Misuse ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Service Users ◽  
Treatment Services

Aims and MethodTo audit completion of the Treatment Outcome Profile (TOP) form in individuals attending substance misuse services in England. Forms are completed at the start of treatment and every 3 months thereafter. All forms at 3-drug treatment services were inspected over 6 months.ResultsForms were inspected for 200 service users; 86% were fully completed. Two-thirds (67%) of service users had no declared funding for illicit drug use in the previous month (mean spending £988; s.e. = 149) despite denying any paid employment and criminal activity.Clinical ImplicationsThe section on crime in the TOP form is unreliable and completely invalid.

scholarly journals Epigenome-Wide Study of Brain DNA Methylation Among Opioid Users and Controls

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Shu ◽  
David W. Sosnowski ◽  
Ran Tao ◽  
Amy Deep-Soboslay ◽  
Joel E. Kleinman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Multiple Testing ◽  
The United States ◽  
Opioid Abuse ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Multiple Testing Correction ◽  
Potential Biomarker ◽  
Opioid Intoxication ◽  
Opioid Users

AbstractOpioid abuse poses significant risk to individuals in the United States and epigenetic changes are a leading potential biomarker of abuse. Current evidence, however, is mostly limited to candidate gene analysis in whole blood. To clarify the association between opioid abuse and DNA methylation, we conducted an epigenome-wide analysis (EWAS) of DNA methylation in brains of individuals who died from opioid intoxication and controls. Tissue samples were extracted from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of 160 deceased individuals (Mage = 35.15, SD = 9.42 years; 62% male; 78% White). The samples included 73 individuals who died of opioid intoxication, 59 group-matched psychiatric controls, and 28 group-matched normal controls. EWAS was implemented using the Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip; analyses adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, negative control and ancestry principal components, cellular composition, and surrogate variables. Epigenetic age was calculated using the Horvath and Levine clocks, and gene ontology (GO) analyses were performed. No CpG sites were epigenome-wide significant after multiple testing correction, but 13 sites reached nominal significance (p < 1.0 x 10-5). There was a significant association between opioid use and Levine phenotypic age (b = 2.24, se = 1.11, p = .045). Opioid users were approximately two years phenotypically older compared to controls. GO analyses revealed enriched pathways related to cell function and neuron differentiation, but no terms survived multiple testing correction. Results inform our understanding of the neurobiology of opioid use, and future research with larger samples across stages of opioid use will elucidate the complex genomics of opioid abuse.

Motivations for Diverted Buprenorphine Use in a Multisite Qualitative Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 550-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip R. Kavanaugh ◽  
Katherine McLean
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Opioid Use Disorder ◽  
Drug Control ◽  
Risk Minimization ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Heroin Use ◽  
Site Variation ◽  
Treatment Policies

Drawing on a multisite sample of 40 persons who sell, share, or use diverted buprenorphine to manage opioid use disorder, in this study we describe why individuals seek to obtain buprenorphine outside of formal treatment contexts, and between-site variation regarding their motives and means. Findings indicate that both the provision and purchase of diverted buprenorphine support user-defined risk minimization strategies to avoid withdrawal, reduce heroin use, and satiate opioid cravings in periods of lowered tolerance. We also found that a subset of the sample used buprenorphine recreationally, and that it functioned to extend or augment illicit drug use careers. Implications of the findings are discussed in light of federal and state drug control and treatment policies.

scholarly journals The relative importance of perceived substance misuse use by different peers on smoking, alcohol and illicit drug use in adolescence

2019 ◽  
Vol 204 ◽  
pp. 107464
Author(s):  
Vanessa Er ◽  
Rona Campbell ◽  
Matthew Hickman ◽  
Chris Bonell ◽  
Laurence Moore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Substance Misuse ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
Relative Importance

Testing Relationships Between Racial-Ethnic Identity, Racial-Ethnic Discrimination, and Substance Misuse Among Black and Latinx Older Adults in a Nationally Representative Sample

2021 ◽  
pp. 016402752098695
Author(s):  
Laurent Reyes ◽  
Peter Treitler ◽  
N. Andrew Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Substance Misuse ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
Ethnic Discrimination ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Older adults (aged 55+) comprise a rapidly growing population both in number and racial-ethnic diversity. In recent years, substance misuse prevalence among older adults has increased and is expected to continue rising, highlighting the need to understand risk and protective factors in this population. Using nationally representative data, this study examines the association of racial-ethnic identity and racial-ethnic discrimination with alcohol and illicit drug use among Black and Latinx older adults, and whether racial-ethnic identity moderates the relationship between discrimination and substance misuse. Findings show that among Latinx older adults discrimination is associated with increased substance misuse, and higher ethnic identity is associated with decreased illicit drug use. Higher racial-ethnic identity buffers the effects of discrimination on illicit drug use for Latinx, but not for Black respondents. Findings of this study highlight the complex associations between racial-ethnic identity, discrimination, and substance misuse, varying across racial-ethnic group, age, context, and other factors.

Non‐medical prescription opioid use and in‐hospital illicit drug use among people who use drugs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gurjit S. Parmar ◽  
Kanna Hayashi ◽  
Seonaid Nolan ◽  
M.‐J. Milloy ◽  
Kora DeBeck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
Prescription Opioid ◽  
People Who Use Drugs ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Medical Prescription ◽  
Prescription Opioid Use

scholarly journals Psychological factors as predictors of opioid abuse and illicit drug use in chronic pain patients

2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laxmaiah Manchikanti, MD ◽  
James Giordano, PhD ◽  
Mark V. Boswell, MD, PhD ◽  
Bert Fellows, MA ◽  
Rajeev Manchukonda, BDS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
Opioid Abuse ◽  
Somatization Disorder ◽  
Chronic Pain Patients ◽  
Pain Patients

Background: Psychopathology (depression, anxiety, somatization disorder) and substance abuse (opioid mis-use and illicit drug use) are common in patients with chronic pain and present problems for public health and clinical management. Despite a body of literature describing various methods for identifying psychopathology, opioid misuse, and illicit drug use in chronic pain patients, the relationship between psychopathologies, substance abuse, and chronic pain has not been well characterized.Methods: This report describes a total of500 consecutive pain patients prescribed and receiving stable doses of opioids. The patients were evaluated for psychopathology, opioid abuse, and illicit drug use during the course of regular pain management treatment. The relationships between psychopathology and drug abuse and/or illicit drug use in chronic pain patients were examined, and psychological evaluation for depression, anxiety, and somatization disorder was performed.Results: Depression, anxiety, and somatization disorder were documented in 59, 64, and 30percent of chronic pain patients, respectively. Drug abuse was significantly higher in patients with depression as compared to patients without depression (12percent with depression versus 5percent without). Current illicit drug use was higher in women with depression (22 percent) than women without depression (14percent) and in men with or without depression (12percent). Current illicit drug use was also higher in men with somatization disorder (22 percent) than men without (9 percent).Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the presence of psychological features of depression and somatization disorder may be markers of substance abuse diathesis in chronic pain patients.

Prescription opioid use in the rural Appalachia: A community-based study

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer R. Havens, PhD, MPH ◽  
Robert Walker, MSW, LCSW ◽  
Carl G. Leukefeld, DSW
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Prescription Drug ◽  
Prescription Drugs ◽  
Pain Treatment ◽  
Prescription Opioid ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Prescription Drug Use ◽  
Nonmedical Use ◽  
Opioid Users

Objective: The purpose of this study is to describe the sample characteristics and methods for a study of rural medical and nonmedical prescription opioid users with a history of OxyContin® use.Design and Setting: Snowball sampling was used to recruit 221 rural Appalachian residents. Participants included those under medical supervision for pain (n = 101) as well as those self-reporting nonmedical use of prescription opioids (n = 120). Participants were given an interviewer-administered questionnaire.Outcome measures: Data relating to demographics, illicit and nonmedical prescription drug use, medical, legal, family, and psychiatric status, as well as pain history were collected. The primary outcomes of interest were differences in past 30 day prescription drug use between pain patients and nonmedical opioid users.Results: A significantly greater proportion of those treated for pain reported using oxycodone and hydrocodone prescribed by a physician in the prior 30 days (p < 0.001); however, more than third of pain participants also reported nonmedical use of OxyContin®, methadone, hydrocodone, benzodiazepines, and marijuana in the prior 30 days.Conclusions: A large proportion of rural opioid users who reported being treated for pain also reported nonmedical use of prescription drugs. Similarly, among the nonmedical users, half of those reported experiencing pain that interfered with their daily life. These results suggest that many rural prescription drug users are being either incorrectly or perhaps inadequately treated for chronic nonmalignant pain. Therefore, developing educational materials and training for rural physicians about pain treatment (including drug seeking behavior) is proposed.

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