Guidelines for treating depressive illness with antidepressants: A statement from the British Association for Psychopharmacology

1993 ◽  
Vol 7 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 19-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart A. Montgomery ◽  
P. Bebbington ◽  
P. Cowen ◽  
W. Deakin ◽  
P. Freeling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Depressed Mood ◽  
Antidepressant Treatment ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Social Impairment ◽  
Self Blame ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Right ◽  
Therapeutic Doses ◽  
Core Symptoms

Depression is a common illness which affects some 3% of the population per year. At least 25% of those with marked depression do not consult their general practitioner and in half of those who do the illness is not detected. Depression is easy to recognize when four or five of the core symptoms have been present for 2 weeks which often coincides with some occupational and social impairment. The core symptoms are depressed mood, loss of interest or pleasure, loss of energy or fatigue, concentration difficulties, appetite disturbance, sleep disturbance, agitation or retardation, worthlessness or self blame and suicidal thoughts. A diagnosis of depression is made when five of these core symptoms, one of which should be depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure, have been present for 2 weeks. Four core symptoms are probably sufficient. Response to antidepressants is good in those with more than mild symptoms. When there are only few or very mild depressive symptoms evidence of response to antidepressants is more uncertain. Antidepressants are effective, they are not addictive and do not lose efficacy with prolonged use. The newer antidepressants have fewer side effects than the older tricyclics, they are better tolerated and lead to less withdrawals from treatment. They are less cardiotoxic and are safer in overdose. Antidepressants should be used at full therapeutic doses. Treatment failure is often due to too low a dose being used in general practice. It may be difficult to reach the right dose with the older tricyclics because of side effects. To consolidate response, treatment should be continued for at least 4 months after the patient is apparently well. Stopping the treatment before this is ill-advised as the partially treated depression frequently returns. Most depression is recurrent. Long-term antidepressant treatment is effective in reducing the risk of new episodes of depression and should be continued to keep the patient well.

New Pharmacological Approaches to the Management of Depression: From Theory to Clinical Practice

1992 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trevor R. Norman ◽  
Fiona K. Judd ◽  
Graham D. Burrows
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Clinical Efficacy ◽  
Antidepressant Treatment ◽  
Antidepressant Drugs ◽  
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Panic Attacks ◽  
Reversible Inhibitor ◽  
Compulsive Disorder

A review of the clinical efficacy of four structurally distinct antidepressant drugs is presented. Their antidepressant activity can be rationalised within current pharmacological hypotheses of drug action, despite markedly different effects on “in vitro” testing. Fluoxetine, a specific serotonin re-uptake inhibitor, has proven safe, effective treatment for depressive illness and may have a role to play in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder and panic attacks. While it has few of the anticholinergic side effects of the tricyclic antidepressants, nausea, tremor, headache, weight loss, nervousness and sweating are side effects most frequently reported. Minaprine, a compound with weak MAO inhibiting properties and effects on serotonergic receptors, has clinical efficacy in the treatment of depression based on several comparative studies. It is claimed that minaprine lacks anticholinergic and sedative properties. Moclobemide, a specific, reversible inhibitor of MAO-A, has been extensively evaluated in depressive illness. The major advantage of this agent over other irreversible, non-specific MAO inhibitors, is the significant attenuation of the so-called “cheese effect” with doses of tyramine likely to be encountered in foodstuffs. Rolipram, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, represents a new approach to antidepressant treatment. Limited clinical data suggest that the drug may be an effective antidepressant with few side effects. The place of these agents in therapy is yet to be established.

A Pharmacological Appraisal of Neuroprotective and Neurorestorative Flavonoids Against Neurodegenerative Diseases

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia Zhao ◽  
Mengxia Zhu ◽  
Mukesh Kumar ◽  
Fung Yin Ngo ◽  
Yinghui Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Elderly Population ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Novel Therapeutics ◽  
The Core ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Core Symptoms

Background & Objective: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) affect an increasing number of the elderly population worldwide. The existing treatments mainly improve the core symptoms of AD and PD in a temporary manner and cause alarming side effects. Naturally occurring flavonoids are well-documented for neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects against various neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, we analyzed the pharmacokinetics of eight potent natural products flavonoids for the druggability and discussed the neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects and the underlying mechanisms. Conclusion: This review provides valuable clues for the development of novel therapeutics against neurodegenerative diseases.

Sexual Dysfunction

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie Feldman ◽  
Karin Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dysfunction ◽  
Depressed Mood ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sexual Dysfunctions ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
Comorbid Conditions ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Psychological Issues ◽  
The Core

Sexual dysfunction covers a range of disturbances in sexual response affecting desire, arousal, and orgasm or involving pain with sexual activity. Depression and sexual dysfunction have long been known as comorbid conditions; however, some research suggests that depressed mood may not always be associated with specific sexual dysfunctions. Associations between sexual dysfunction and depression appears bidirectional, such that either one of these conditions may trigger or worsen the other, while improvement in one may also improve the other. This chapter examines the complex relationship between depression and male and female sexual dysfunctions. We explore the classification and prevalence of sexual dysfunction, the known interconnections involving neurobiology, and psychological issues. Finally, we summarize the core principles of evaluation and treatment of common sexual dysfunctions, particularly in the context of depressive illness.

scholarly journals The symptom of depression in schizophrenia and its management

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 169-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ciaran Mulholland ◽  
Stephen Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Dementia Praecox ◽  
Important Criterion ◽  
Manic Depressive Illness ◽  
The Core ◽  
Manic Depressive ◽  
Affective Symptoms ◽  
Psychological Reaction ◽  
Depressive Subtypes ◽  
Core Symptoms

Depression is a frequently occurring symptom in schizophrenia. While today it is often underrecognised and under-treated, historically such symptoms were the focus of much attention. Affective symptoms were used by Kraepelin as an important criterion with which to separate dementia praecox from manic–depressive illness. Kraepelin also recognised the importance of depression as a symptom in schizophrenia and identified several depressive subtypes of the illness. Mayer-Gross emphasised the despair that often occurs as a psychological reaction to acute psychotic episodes and Bleuler considered depression to be one of the core symptoms of schizophrenia.

Depressive Illness and the Possibilities of Somatic Antidepressant Treatment

1996 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 554-572
Author(s):  
Björn Mårtensson
Keyword(s):  
Antidepressant Treatment ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Social Impairment ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Term Therapy ◽  
Efficient Treatment ◽  
Risk Of Mortality ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Long Term Therapy

AbstractDepression constitutes a considerable mental health problem. Depression is too often unrecognized or unproperly treated, which causes distress, social impairment, and increased risk of mortality for the individual, and large costs for society. However, several efficient treatment modalities and strategies exist. Different somatic antidepressant treatments for short- and long-term therapy and their respective quality-of-life and economic aspects will be presented and discussed.

Effects of aripiprazole adjunctive to standard antidepressant treatment on the core symptoms of depression: A post-hoc, pooled analysis of two large, placebo-controlled studies

2010 ◽  
Vol 120 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 133-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Craig Nelson ◽  
Raymond Mankoski ◽  
Ross A. Baker ◽  
Berit X. Carlson ◽  
James M. Eudicone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antidepressant Treatment ◽  
Pooled Analysis ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression ◽  
The Core ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Core Symptoms

scholarly journals Development and Examination of the Reactive Attachment Disorder and Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder Assessment Interview

Assessment ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 749-765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stine Lehmann ◽  
Sebastien Monette ◽  
Helen Egger ◽  
Kyrre Breivik ◽  
David Young ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Engagement ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Reactive Attachment Disorder ◽  
Emotional Dysregulation ◽  
Social Impairment ◽  
Attachment Disorder ◽  
The Core ◽  
Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder ◽  
Reactive Attachment ◽  
Core Symptoms

The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual ( DSM) categorizes reactive attachment disorder (RAD) and disinhibited social engagement disorder (DSED) as two separate disorders, and their criteria are revised. For DSED, the core symptoms focus on abnormal social disinhibition, and symptoms regarding lack of selective attachment have been removed. The core symptoms of RAD are the absence of attachment behaviors and emotional dysregulation. In this study, an international team of researchers modified the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment for RAD to update it from DSM-IV to DSM-5 criteria for RAD and DSED. We renamed the interview the reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder assessment (RADA). Foster parents of 320 young people aged 11 to 17 years completed the RADA online. Confirmatory factor analysis of RADA items identified good fit for a three-factor model, with one factor comprising DSED items (indiscriminate behaviors with strangers) and two factors comprising RAD items (RAD1: failure to seek/accept comfort, and RAD2: withdrawal/hypervigilance). The three factors showed differential associations with clinical symptoms of emotional and social impairment. Time in foster care was not associated with scores on RAD1, RAD2, or DSED. Higher age was associated with lower scores on DSED, and higher scores on RAD1.

What face familiarity feelings say about the lateralization of specific entities within the core system

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guido Gainotti
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Lobe ◽  
Memory System ◽  
Core System ◽  
The Core ◽  
Memory Traces ◽  
Specific Memory ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Temporal Structures ◽  
The Right

Abstract The target article carefully describes the memory system, centered on the temporal lobe that builds specific memory traces. It does not, however, mention the laterality effects that exist within this system. This commentary briefly surveys evidence showing that clear asymmetries exist within the temporal lobe structures subserving the core system and that the right temporal structures mainly underpin face familiarity feelings.

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