Spatial Attention Shifts in Addition and Subtraction Arithmetic: Evidence of Eye Movement

Perception ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (9) ◽  
pp. 835-849 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongjuan Zhu ◽  
Xuqun You ◽  
Shuoqiu Gan ◽  
Jinwei Wang
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Spatial Attention ◽  
Spatial Association ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Addition And Subtraction ◽  
Attention Shifts

Recently, it has been proposed that solving addition and subtraction problems can evoke horizontal shifts of spatial attention. However, prior to this study, it remained unclear whether orienting shifts of spatial attention relied on actual arithmetic processes (i.e., the activated magnitude) or the semantic spatial association of the operator. In this study, spatial–arithmetic associations were explored through three experiments using an eye tracker, which attempted to investigate the mechanism of those associations. Experiment 1 replicated spatial–arithmetic associations in addition and subtraction problems. Experiments 2 and 3 selected zero as the operand to investigate whether these arithmetic problems could induce shifts of spatial attention. Experiment 2 indicated that addition and subtraction problems (zero as the second operand, i.e., 2 + 0) do not induce shifts of spatial attention. Experiment 3 showed that addition and subtraction arithmetic (zero as the first operand, i.e., 0 + 2) do facilitate rightward and leftward eye movement, respectively. This indicates that the operator alone does not induce horizontal eye movement. However, our findings support the idea that solving addition and subtraction problems is associated with horizontal shifts of spatial attention.

When adding is right: Temporal order judgements reveal spatial attention shifts during two-digit mental arithmetic

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (7) ◽  
pp. 1115-1132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Glaser ◽  
André Knops
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Attention ◽  
Task Difficulty ◽  
Temporal Order ◽  
Mental Arithmetic ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Arithmetic Problem ◽  
Single Digit ◽  
Arithmetic Task ◽  
Addition And Subtraction ◽  
Attention Shifts

Recent research suggests that addition and subtraction induce horizontal shifts of attention. Previous studies used single-digit (1d) problems or verification paradigms that lend themselves to alternative solution strategies beyond mental arithmetic. To measure spatial attention during the active production of solutions to complex two-digit arithmetic problems (2d) without manual motor involvement, we used a temporal order judgement (TOJ) paradigm in which two lateralised targets were sequentially presented on screen with a varying stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA). Participants verbally indicated which target appeared first. By varying the delay between the arithmetic problem presentation and the TOJ task, we investigated how arithmetically induced attention shifts develop over time (Experiment 1, n = 31 and Experiment 2, n = 58). In Experiment 2, we additionally varied the carry property of the arithmetic task to examine how task difficulty modulates the effects. In the arithmetic task, participants were first presented with the arithmetic problem via headphones and performed the TOJ task after the delay before responding to the arithmetic task. To account for spontaneous attentional biases, a baseline TOJ was run without arithmetic processing. Both experiments revealed that addition induces shifts of spatial attention to the right suggesting that visuospatial attention mechanisms are recruited during complex arithmetic. We observed no difference in spatial attention between the carry and noncarry condition (Experiment 2). No shifts were observed for subtraction problems. No common and conclusive influence of delay was observed across experiments. Qualitative differences between addition and subtraction and the role of task difficulty are discussed.

Interference with Rehearsal in Spatial Working Memory in the Absence of Eye Movements

1996 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 940-949 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary M. Smyth
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Spatial Attention ◽  
Spatial Working Memory ◽  
Spatial Encoding ◽  
Rehearsal Strategy ◽  
The Right ◽  
Attention Shifts

We have previously argued that rehearsal in spatial working memory is interfered with by spatial attention shifts rather than simply by movements to locations in space (Smyth & Scholey, 1994). It is possible, however, that the stimuli intended to induce attention shifts in our experiments also induced eye movements and interfered either with an overt eye movement rehearsal strategy or with a covert one. In the first experiment reported here, subjects fixated while they maintained a sequence of spatial items in memory before recalling them in order. Fixation did not affect recall, but auditory spatial stimuli presented during the interval did decrease performance, and it was further decreased if the stimuli were categorized as coming from the right or the left. A second experiment investigated the effects of auditory spatial stimuli to which no response was ever required and found that these did not interfere with performance, indicating that it is the spatial salience of targets that leads to interference. This interference from spatial input in the absence of any overt movement of the eyes or limbs is interpreted in terms of shifts of spatial attention or spatial monitoring, which Morris (1989) has suggested affects spatial encoding and which our findings suggest also affects reactivation in rehearsal.

Spatial Bias Induced by Simple Addition and Subtraction: From Eye Movement Evidence

Perception ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongjuan Zhu ◽  
Yangmei Luo ◽  
Xuqun You ◽  
Ziyu Wang
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Attention ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Mental Arithmetic ◽  
Number Line ◽  
Mental Number Line ◽  
Spatial Bias ◽  
Semantic Link ◽  
Addition And Subtraction ◽  
The Right ◽  
Attention Shifts

The associations between number and space have been intensively investigated. Recent studies indicated that this association could extend to more complex tasks, such as mental arithmetic. However, the mechanism of arithmetic-space associations in mental arithmetic was still a topic of debate. Thus, in the current study, we adopted an eye-tracking technology to investigate whether spatial bias induced by mental arithmetic was related with spatial attention shifts on the mental number line or with semantic link between the operator and space. In Experiment 1, participants moved their eyes to the corresponding response area according to the cues after solving addition and subtraction problems. The results showed that the participants moved their eyes faster to the leftward space after solving subtraction problems and faster to the right after solving addition problems. However, there was no spatial bias observed when the second operand was zero in the same time window, which indicated that the emergence of spatial bias may be associated with spatial attention shifts on the mental number line. In Experiment 2, participants responded to the operator (operation plus and operation minus) with their eyes. The results showed that mere presentation of operator did not cause spatial bias. Therefore, the arithmetic–space associations might be related with the movement along the mental number line.

scholarly journals A Fast and Effective System for Analysis of Optokinetic Waveforms with a Low-Cost Eye Tracking Device

Healthcare ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Chong-Bin Tsai ◽  
Wei-Yu Hung ◽  
Wei-Yen Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Slow Phase ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Effective System ◽  
Tracking Device ◽  
Traditional Approaches

Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) is an involuntary eye movement induced by motion of a large proportion of the visual field. It consists of a “slow phase (SP)” with eye movements in the same direction as the movement of the pattern and a “fast phase (FP)” with saccadic eye movements in the opposite direction. Study of OKN can reveal valuable information in ophthalmology, neurology and psychology. However, the current commercially available high-resolution and research-grade eye tracker is usually expensive. Methods & Results: We developed a novel fast and effective system combined with a low-cost eye tracking device to accurately quantitatively measure OKN eye movement. Conclusions: The experimental results indicate that the proposed method achieves fast and promising results in comparisons with several traditional approaches.

Eye Movements as a Means to Evaluate Operation Interface of Flat Knitting Machine

2014 ◽  
Vol 607 ◽  
pp. 664-668
Author(s):  
Zhi Hui Liu ◽  
Sheng Ze Wang ◽  
Qiong Shen ◽  
Jia Jun Feng
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
Layout Design ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Heat Maps ◽  
Machine Operation

This study investigates the characteristics of eye movements by operating flat knitting machine. For the objective evaluation purpose of the flat knitting machine operation interface, we arrange participants finish operation tasks on the interface, then use eye tracker to analyze and evaluate the layout design. Through testing of the different layout designs, we get fixation sequences, the count of fixation, heat maps, and fixation length. The results showed that the layout design could significantly affect the eye-movement, especially the fixation sequences and the heat maps, the count of fixation and fixation length are always impacted by operation tasks. Overall, data obtained from eye movements can not only be used to evaluate the operation interface, but also significantly enhance the layout design of the flat knitting machine.

scholarly journals Test and evaluation of advertising effect based on EEG and eye tracker

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-18
Author(s):  
Lingfeng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Marketing Communication ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Advertising Effect ◽  
Test And Evaluation ◽  
Advertising Strategies ◽  
Theoretical Significance ◽  
Implementation Effect

Abstract As a means of marketing communication, advertisements have been applied in the course of enterprise operation. However, in practice, there are many problems with the implementation effect of specific advertisements, so the test and evaluation of the effectiveness of advertising have important practical and theoretical significance. Therefore, this paper uses the EEG and eye movement technology to study the EEG change and eye movement of subjects when viewing advertisements and to conduct processing and analysis of the collected EEG and eye movement indexes. It is expected to provide advertisers with valuable advertising strategies based on the analysis results of EEG change and eye movement experiment.

Modern Furniture Color Image Based on Eye Tracking

2012 ◽  
Vol 157-158 ◽  
pp. 410-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji Feng Xu ◽  
Han Ning Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Color Image ◽  
Vision System ◽  
Human Vision ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Human Vision System ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Color Features ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between modern furniture color image and eye tracking has been of interest to academics and practitioners for many years. We propose and develop a new view and method exploring these connections, utilizing data from a survey of 31 testees’ eye tracking observed value. Using Tobii X120 eye tracker to analyze eye movement to furniture samples in different hue and tones colors, we highlight the relative importance of the effect of furniture color on human vision system and show that the connections between furniture color features with color image.

Activation of Overlapping but not Identical Frontal and Parietal Regions by Saccadic Eye Movement and Overt Spatial Attention Tasks

NeuroImage ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. S68 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.R. Gitelman ◽  
A.C. Nohre ◽  
Y-H. Kim ◽  
T.B. Parrish ◽  
K.S. LaBar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Spatial Attention ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movement ◽  
Attention Tasks

scholarly journals Covert shift of attention modulates the value encoding in the orbitofrontal cortex

eLife ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Xie ◽  
Chechang Nie ◽  
Tianming Yang
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Passive Viewing ◽  
Reward Value ◽  
Winner Take All ◽  
Take All ◽  
Attention Shifts

During value-based decision making, we often evaluate the value of each option sequentially by shifting our attention, even when the options are presented simultaneously. The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) has been suggested to encode value during value-based decision making. Yet it is not known how its activity is modulated by attention shifts. We investigated this question by employing a passive viewing task that allowed us to disentangle effects of attention, value, choice and eye movement. We found that the attention modulated OFC activity through a winner-take-all mechanism. When we attracted the monkeys’ attention covertly, the OFC neuronal activity reflected the reward value of the newly attended cue. The shift of attention could be explained by a normalization model. Our results strongly argue for the hypothesis that the OFC neuronal activity represents the value of the attended item. They provide important insights toward understanding the OFC’s role in value-based decision making.

Verbal and Spatial Loading Effects on Eye Movements in Driving Simulators: A Comparison to Real World Driving

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (26) ◽  
pp. 2174-2178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim R. Hammel ◽  
Donald L. Fisher ◽  
Anuj K. Pradhan
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Real World ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Loading Conditions ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Driving Simulators ◽  
The Real ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Loading Effects ◽  
Functional Field Of View

Driving simulators and eye tracking technology are increasingly being used to evaluate advanced telematics. Many such evaluations are easily generalizable only if drivers' scanning in the virtual environment is similar to their scanning behavior in real world environments. In this study we developed a virtual driving environment designed to replicate the environmental conditions of a previous, real world experiment (Recarte & Nunes, 2000). Our motive was to compare the data collected under three different cognitive loading conditions in an advanced, fixed-base driving simulator with that collected in the real world. In the study that we report, a head mounted eye tracker recorded eye movement data while participants drove the virtual highway in half-mile segments. There were three loading conditions: no loading, verbal loading and spatial loading. Each of the 24 subjects drove in all three conditions. We found that the patterns that characterized eye movement data collected in the simulator were virtually identical to those that characterized eye movement data collected in the real world. In particular, the number of speedometer checks and the functional field of view significantly decreased in the verbal conditions, with even greater effects for the spatial loading conditions.

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